TABLE 2

Group composition in Structure outputs with best goodness-of-fit, depending on the number of groups (Groups) for the three panels (landraces and first-cycle inbred panel and whole inbred panel)

Groups	Landraces	GMC	F_st	First-cycle inbred panel	GMC	F_st	Whole inbred panel	GMC	F_st
2	Flint^a	0.436	0.025	Flint^a	0.477	0.115	Flint^a	0.428	0.027
	Other material	0.564	0.095	All other material	0.523	0.019	All other material	0.572	0.116
3	Northern Flint^b	0.278	0.127	Northern Flint^b	0.254	0.166	Flint^b	0.296	0.148
	European Flint^c	0.257	0.094	European Flint^c	0.251	0.134	Corn Belt Dent	0.475	0.119
	Other material	0.464	0.027	All other material	0.496	0.031	Tropical^d ^e	0.228	0.012
4	Northern Flint^b	0.244	0.136	Northern Flint^b	0.245	0.191	Flint^a	0.292	0.160
	European Flint^c	0.245	0.101	European Flint^c	0.233	0.140	Tropical^d ^e	0.214	0.024
	Other Tropical origins^f	0.278	0.069	Tropical^d ^e	0.198	0.000	Corn Belt Dent	0.448	0.110
	Corn Belt Dent and Mexican	0.238	0.012	Corn Belt Dent	0.324	0.092	Stiff Stalk^g	0.046	0.424
5	Northern Flint^b	0.203	0.175	Northern Flint^b	0.244	0.205	European Flint^c	0.171	0.183
	European Flint^c	0.223	0.112	European Flint^c	0.237	0.147	Northern Flint^b	0.136	0.217
	Mexican^e	0.180	0.021	Tropical^d ^e	0.160	0.000	Corn Belt Dent	0.438	0.113
	Other tropical origins^e ^f	0.249	0.077	Corn Belt Dent	0.326	0.097	Tropical^d ^e	0.201	0.031
	Corn Belt Dent	0.145	0.088	Popcorn	0.033	0.274	Stiff Stalk^g	0.054	0.426
6	Northern Flint^b	0.198	0.188	Northern Flint^b	0.237	0.211	Flint^a	0.290	0.163
	European Flint^c	0.207	0.122	European Flint^c	0.236	0.149	Tropical^d ^e	0.194	0.035
	Mexican^e	0.163	0.021	Tropical^d ^e	0.151	0.000	Corn Belt Dent	0.355	0.119
	Caribbean^e	0.173	0.092	Corn Belt Dent	0.259	0.096	Stiff Stalk^g	0.052	0.424
	Andean	0.122	0.118	Popcorn	0.033	0.277	M13And RYD^h	0.045	0.301
	Corn Belt Dent	0.137	0.098	M13And RYD^h	0.076	0.217	B37 related and Popcorn	0.065	0.186
7	Northern Flint^b	0.201	0.192	Northern Flint^b	0.205	0.239	Northern Flint^b	0.134	0.217
	Pyrenees-Galicia Flintⁱ	0.144	0.142	European Flint^c	0.229	0.161	European Flint^c	0.113	0.178
	Italian Flint	0.106	0.141	Tropical^d ^e	0.087	0.117	Tropical^d ^e	0.194	0.037
	Mexican^e	0.157	0.024	Corn Belt Dent	0.324	0.111	Corn Belt Dent	0.389	0.120
	Caribbean^e	0.168	0.097	Popcorn	0.032	0.306	Stiff Stalk^g	0.055	0.428
	Andean	0.095	0.138	Pa374, CQ191, KUI21, A6^j	0.085	0.000	M13 and RYD^h	0.044	0.311
	Corn Belt Dent	0.127	0.101	NY302,NY303,SV77,SV79^j	0.039	0.260	Lacaune^k	0.071	0.328
8	Northern Flint^b	0.205	0.199	Northern Flint^b	0.198	0.240	Flint^a	0.227	0.173
	Pyrenees-Galicia Flintⁱ	0.136	0.158	European Flint^c	0.227	0.162	Tropical^d ^e	0.150	0.101
	Italian Flint	0.103	0.152	Tropical^d ^e	0.088	0.108	Corn Belt Dent	0.354	0.146
	Mexican^e	0.168	0.044	Corn Belt Dent	0.279	0.104	Stiff Stalk^g	0.052	0.451
	Caribbean^e	0.164	0.108	Popcorn	0.031	0.302	Southern Dent	0.070	0.000
	Andean	0.081	0.156	Pa374, CQ191, KUI21, A6^j	0.091	0.001	Lacaune^k	0.072	0.354
	Corn Belt Dent	0.110	0.120	NY302&303, SV77, SV79^j	0.041	0.258	M13 and RYD^h	0.044	0.332
	Four Landraces^l ^j	0.026	0.175	M13And RYD^h	0.045	0.278	Lancaster (Mo17 related)	0.031	0.392

Each Structure group is designated from the origin of the material with a high genome proportion attributed to this group (g_ij > 0.80). When a group does not correspond to a unique genetic origin, its composition is detailed in footnotes. Group mean contribution (GMC) indicates the mean proportion of the genome originating from this group, over all individuals. F_st, analogous to Wright's F_st that measures divergence from ancestral genetic pool. Italics, group number showing optimal goodness-of-fit; underlines, reference output.
↵a Including Flint from both northern America, northern Europe, and southern Europe, except southern Spain.
↵b Northern Flint from both northern America and northern Europe.
↵c From southern France, Italy and northern Spain.
↵d Including all tropical origins and southern Spanish.
↵e Includes southern Spanish material.
↵f From Andean, Caribbean, southern America and some southern Spanish.
↵g Related toB14, CM105 and CM174.
↵h Minnesota 13 and Reid Yellow Dent, including Wf9, A3, SDP254 and, for whole inbred panel, W117.
↵i French Pyrenees and northern Spain (Galicia).
↵j Group including miscellaneous material.
↵k Originating from Lacaune landraces like F2 and F7.
↵l BlancoDe Ricote (Spain), Gourdseed Dent (US), Manolovo (Bulgaria), Stara Zagora (Bulgaria).