TABLE 1

Floral trait QTLs mapped in a Mimulus lewisii × M. cardinalis F₂

	Trait	Linkage group	PVE (%)	Mode of action	M. lewisii parental phenotype (mean ± σ)	M. cardinalis parental phenotype (mean ± σ)	Δσ	LL homozygote mean at QTL	CC homozygote mean at QTL	Homozygote sample size
Attraction	Anthocyanin concentration (A₅₁₀)	D_C	20.6	R	0.09 ± 0.04	0.87 ± 0.20	18	0.15	0.34	137
	Carotenoid concentration (A₄₅₀)	A_L	84.3	R^{^a}	0.13 ± 0.29	1.39 ± 0.32	8	0.08	0.76	12
		C_L	75.7	R^{^a}				0.15	0.98	76
		D_C	83.0	R				0.23	0.93	137
	Lateral petal width (mm)	A_L	31.5	A	9.5 ± 0.8	16.1 ± 1.4	7	10.9	14.5	12
		B_L	17.9	d				11.5	14.1	158
		B_C	19.4	a				11.5	14.3	62
		C_L	17.1	d				14.0	13.9	76
		C_C	14.4	r				12.6	11.8	169
		D_C	5.4	r				12.7	13.7	137
		E_L	42.1	r^{^a}				11.3	15.3	85
		H_C	13.5	R				12.2	14.0	169
	Corolla width (mm)	A_L	31.5	R^{^a}	27.8 ± 3.7	22.6 ± 4.1	1	25.3	24.0	35
		A_C	9.1	R				29.7	26.2	243
		B_L	3.3	d				26.3	29.2	158
		B_C	3.3	d^{^a}				26.3	29.2	62
		C_L	11.3	a				30.8	24.9	76
		C_C	14.9	d^{^a}				32.4	26.6	169
		D_C	5.6	r				29.4	25.7	137
		G_L	9.4	r^{^a}				26.6	31.6	220
	Corolla projected area (mm²)	A_L(1)	16.5	D	583 ± 177	559 ± 134	1	481	513	48
		A_L(2)	10.6	R				608	511	35
		B_L	10.4	d				501	649	158
		B_C	12.2	a				494	664	66
		C_L	9.7	d				696	550	76
		C_C	40.5	D^{^a}				802	499	150
		E_L	14.7	R^{^a}				492	511	85
	Upper petal reflexing (1–5)	A_L	51.4	a	1.72 ± 0.29	4.67 ± 0.36	9	2.17	3.99	35
		A_C	37.7	R				2.34	3.80	269
		D_C	7.1	r				3.40	3.50	137
		E_L	4.7	r^{^a}				2.79	3.35	85
		H_C	5.0	a				2.94	3.48	169
	Lateral petal reflexing (1–5)	A_L	68.8	R^{^a}	1.05 ± 0.16	4.13 ± 0.59	8	1.80	4.06	35
		A_C	34.4	R				2.16	3.60	269
		D_C	16.2	R				2.75	3.67	137
		E_L	64.5	R^{^a}				2.12	4.22	85
Reward	Nectar volume (μl)	B_L	33.2	A	8.1 ± 2.8	119.5 ± 29.2	15	23.2	68.8	158
		B_C	33.1	A				22.8	68.8	62
		E_L	30.2	r^{^a}				27.1	64.8	85
Efficiency	Stamen length (mm)	A_L	46.6	a	25.1 ± 0.6	43.1 ± 1.3	22	30.4	37.8	12
		A_C	23.3	a				31.3	36.4	269
		B_L	10.2	A				33.1	37.0	158
		B_C	12.5	A				32.9	37.2	66
		D_C	17.6	R				34.0	37.1	137
		E_L	14.6	A				31.3	35.3	85
		H_C	24.0	R				33.0	37.1	169
	Pistil length (mm)	A_L	40.5	A	28.7 ± 0.8	49.1 ± 1.0	15	33.9	42.5	12
		A_C	18.9	a				35.2	41.0	269
		B_L	4.8	A				38.1	41.3	158
		B_C	5.7	A				37.8	41.2	66
		D_C	33.1	R				39.6	43.0	137
		E_L	49.6	A				34.4	44.0	76
		H_C	14.1	r				37.8	41.6	169
	Corolla aperture width (mm)	A_L	9.6	a	7.1 ± 0.9	3.9 ± 0.6	3	6.17	4.81	21
		A_C	16.3	d^{^a}				6.37	4.79	269
		B_L	12.0	D				4.54	5.36	158
		B_C	11.9	D^{^a}				4.51	5.33	66
		D_C	15.1	a				4.69	4.61	137
		F_C	17.7	d^{^a}				5.73	4.65	68
		G_L	4.8	d				5.33	5.13	137
		H_C	6.5	a				5.49	4.75	169
	Corolla aperture height (mm)	A_L	22.6	A	2.6 ± 1.0	4.5 ± 1.1	3	3.60	5.64	12
		A_C	5.1	a				4.38	5.24	243
		C_C	19.4	r				4.40	4.48	169
		H_E	7.2	r				4.54	5.42	158

“Linkage group” refers to the map in Figure 3. PVE is the percent of F₂ phenotypic variance explained, as calculated by interval mapping in MAPMAKER/QTL. The most likely mode of action of each QTL is shown with reference to the M. cardinalis allele. If the M. cardinalis allele is recessive to the M. lewisii allele, an “R” is found in the “Mode of action” column. “D” and “A” stand for “dominant” and “additive,” respectively. Uppercase letters are used when the statistical support for the most likely model is LOD >1 higher than any of the alternative modes.
↵^a The QTL is in repulsion linkage phase with the RAPD markers (see text). The phenotypic mean and standard deviation are shown for the parental M. lewisii and M. cardinalis. The Δσ column shows the standardized difference (in units of standard deviation) between parental mean phenotypes. The phenotypic means of F₂ plants homozygous for the M. lewisii (LL) or M. cardinalis (CC) allele at the QTL are given. The number of F₂ plants homozygous for the RAPD marker nearest the QTL is shown to indicate the severity of segregation distortion near the QTL. Approximately 116 homozygotes are expected if the locus is segregating in the Mendelian 3:1 ratio.