THE essential JIL-1 histone H3S10 kinase (Jinet al. 1999; Wanget al. 2001) is a major regulator of chromatin structure (Denget al. 2005, 2008) that functions to maintain euchromatic domains while counteracting heterochromatization and gene silencing (Ebertet al. 2004; Lerachet al. 2006; Zhanget al. 2006; Baoet al. 2007). In the absence of the JIL-1 kinase, the major heterochromatin markers H3K9me2, HP1a [Su(var)2-5], and Su(var)3-7 spread to ectopic locations on the chromosome arms (Zhanget al. 2006; Denget al. 2007, 2010). These observations suggested a model for a dynamic balance between euchromatin and heterochromatin (Ebertet al. 2004; Zhanget al. 2006; Denget al. 2010), where, as can be monitored in position-effect variegation (PEV) arrangements, the boundary between these two states is determined by antagonistic functions of a euchromatic regulator (JIL-1) and the major determinants of heterochromatin assembly, e.g., Su(var)3-9, HP1a, and Su(var)3-7 (for review see Weiler and Wakimoto 1995; Girton and Johansen 2008). In support of this model, Denget al. (2010) recently showed that Su(var)3-7 and JIL-1 loss-of-function mutations have an antagonistic and counterbalancing effect on gene expression using PEV assays; however, potential dynamic interactions between JIL-1 and the other two heterochromatin genes, Su(var)3-9 and Su(var)2-5, were not addressed in this study. Interestingly, in other genetic interaction assays monitoring the lethality as well as the chromosome morphology defects associated with the null JIL-1 phenotype, only a reduction in the dose of the Su(var)3-9 gene (Zhanget al. 2006; Denget al. 2007) rescued both phenotypes. In contrast, in the same assays a reduction of Su(var)3-7 rescued the lethality, but not the chromosome defects (Denget al. 2010), and no genetic interactions were detectable between JIL-1 and Su(var)2-5 (Denget al. 2007). Thus, these findings indicate that while Su(var)3-9 activity may be a major factor in the lethality and chromatin-structure perturbations associated with loss of the JIL-1 histone H3S10 kinase, these effects are likely to be uncoupled from HP1a and, to a lesser degree, from Su(var)3-7. This raises the question of whether JIL-1 dynamically interacts with the two other heterochromatin genes, Su(var)2-5 and Su(var)3-9, in regulating gene expression, as it does with Su(var)3-7.

To answer this question, we explored the effect of various combinations of loss-of-function alleles of JIL-1 and Su(var)3-9 or Su(var)2-5 on PEV caused by the P-element insertion line 118E-10 (Wallrath and Elgin 1995; Wallrathet al. 1996). Insertion of this P element (P[hsp26-pt, hsp70-w]) into euchromatic sites results in a uniform red-eye phenotype whereas insertion into a known heterochromatin region of the fourth chromosome results in a variegating eye phenotype (Crydermanet al. 1998; Baoet al. 2007) (Figures 1 and 2). It has been demonstrated that loss-of-function JIL-1 alleles can act as haplo-enhancers of PEV, resulting in increased silencing of gene expression (Denget al. 2010), whereas loci for structural components of heterochromatin such as Su(var)3-9, Su(var)2-5, and Su(var)3-7 act as strong haplo-suppressors (Eissenberget al. 1990; Reuteret al. 1990; Tschierschet al. 1994). In the experiments, the transgenic reporter line 118E-10 was crossed into JIL-1^z2/+, Su(var)3-9⁰⁶/+, and Su(var)2-5⁰⁵/+ mutant backgrounds as well as into JIL-1^z2/Su(var)3-9⁰⁶ and JIL-1^z2/Su(var)2-5⁰⁵ double-mutant backgrounds. The JIL-1^z2 allele is a true null allele (Wanget al. 2001; Zhanget al. 2003), the loss-of-function Su(var)3-9⁰⁶ allele is due to a DNA insertion (Schottaet al. 2002), and the Su(var)2-5⁰⁵ loss-of-function allele is associated with a frameshift resulting in a nonsense peptide containing only the first 10 amino acids of HP1a (Eissenberget al. 1992). Thus, to test whether the heterozygous JIL-1^z2 allele could counterbalance the suppression of the Su(var)3-9⁰⁶ or Su(var)2-5⁰⁵ loss-of-function alleles of the PEV of 118E-10, we compared the eye pigment levels of the various genotypes (Figures 1 and 2 and Table 1). Pigment assays were performed essentially as in Kavi and Birchler (2009) using three sets of 10 pooled fly heads from each genotype. Although both male and female flies were scored, due to sex differences only results from male flies are shown. However, the trend observed in female flies was identical to that in male flies (supporting information, Figure S1). As illustrated in Figures 1 and 2, the heterozygous JIL-1^z2/+ genotype enhances PEV as indicated by the increased proportion of white ommatidia and a 59% decrease in the optical density (OD) of the eye pigment levels (0.0083 ± 0.0015; n = 3) as compared to +/+ flies (0.0203 ± 0.0021; n = 3). This reduction was statistically significant (Table 1). In contrast, the heterozygous Su(var)3-9⁰⁶/+ and Su(var)2-5⁰⁵/+ genotypes suppress PEV as indicated by an increase of the proportion of red ommatidia and a statistically significant (Table 1) 384% (0.078 ± 0.001; n = 3) and 330% (0.067 ± 0.004; n = 3) increase, respectively, in the OD of the eye pigment levels. However, in the JIL-1^z2/Su(var)3-9⁰⁶ and JIL-1^z2/Su(var)2-5⁰⁵ double-mutant backgrounds, variegation of the proportion of red ommatidia was intermediate, and the eye pigment levels (0.0207 ± 0.0031 and 0.0263 ± 0.0035, respectively; n = 3) were statistically indistinguishable from genotypes with +/+ levels of JIL-1, Su(var)3-9, and Su(var)2-5 proteins (Figures 1 and 2 and Table 1).

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Figure 1.—

Counterbalancing effect of JIL-1 and Su(var)3-9 loss-of-function alleles on the PEV of the P-element insertion line 118E-10. (A) Examples of the degree of PEV in the eyes of wild-type JIL-1 and Su(var)3-9 (+/+), JIL-1^z2/+ (z2/+), Su(var)3-9⁰⁶/+ (3-9⁰⁶/+), and JIL-1^z2/Su(var)3-9⁰⁶ (z2/3-9⁰⁶) flies in a 118E-10/+ background. All images are from male flies. (B) Histograms of the amount of eye pigment in +/+, JIL-1^z2/+ (z2/+), Su(var)3-9⁰⁶/+ (3-9⁰⁶/+), and JIL-1^z2/Su(var)3-9⁰⁶ (z2/3-9⁰⁶) male flies heterozygous for 118E-10. Fly stocks were maintained according to standard protocols (Roberts 1998). Oregon-R was used for wild-type preparations. The JIL-1^z2 allele is described in Wanget al. (2001) and in Zhanget al. (2003). The Su(var)3-9⁰⁶ and Su(var)2-5⁰⁵ alleles are described in Schottaet al. (2002) and in Eissenberget al. (1992). The P-element P[hsp26-pt, hsp70-w] insertion line 118E-10 was the generous gift of L. Wallrath. The hsp70 promoter is leaky and promotes sufficient expression to generate a variegated eye phenotype under non-heat-shock conditions (Wallrath and Elgin 1995; Baoet al. 2007). PEV assays were performed as previously described in Lerachet al. (2006) and in Baoet al. (2007). In short, various combinations of JIL-1, Su(var)3-9, or Su(var)2-5 alleles were introduced into the 118E-10 or w^m4 PEV arrangements by standard crossing. To quantify the variegated phenotype, adult flies were collected from the respective crosses at eclosion, aged 6 days at 25°, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80°C until assayed. The pigment assays were performed essentially as in Kavi and Birchler (2009) using three sets of 10 fly heads of each genotype collected from males and females. For each sample, the heads from the 10 flies were homogenized in 200 μl of methanol with 0.1% hydrochloric acid and centrifuged, and the OD of the supernatant was spectrophotometrically measured at a wavelength of 480 nm.

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Figure 2.—

Counterbalancing effect of JIL-1 and Su(var)2-5 loss-of-function alleles on the PEV of the P-element insertion line 118E-10. (A) Examples of the degree of PEV in the eyes of wild-type JIL-1 and Su(var)2-5 (+/+), JIL-1^z2/+ (z2/+), Su(var)2-5⁰⁵/+ (2-5⁰⁵/+), and JIL-1^z2/Su(var) 2-5⁰⁵ (z2/2-5⁰⁵) flies in a 118E-10/+ background. All images are from male flies. (B) Histograms of the levels of eye pigment in +/+, JIL-1^z2/+ (z2/+), Su(var2-5)⁰⁵/+ (2-5⁰⁵/+), and JIL-1^z2/Su(var)2-5⁰⁵ (z2/2-5⁰⁵) male flies heterozygous for 118E-10.

To test whether a heterozygous JIL-1 null allele also could counterbalance the suppression of the Su(var)3-9⁰⁶ or Su(var)2-5⁰⁵ alleles of the PEV of w^m4, we performed experiments similar to those described above for 118E-10. As illustrated in Figure 3 for male flies, the heterozygous JIL-1^z2/+ genotype enhances PEV as indicated by a 67% decrease in the OD of the eye pigment levels (0.008 ± 0.002; n = 3) as compared to +/+ flies (0.024 ± 0.003, n = 3). This reduction was statistically significant (Table 1). In contrast, the heterozygous Su(var)3-9⁰⁶/+ and Su(var)2-5⁰⁵/+ genotypes suppress PEV as indicated by a statistically significant (Table 1) 1115% (0.2677 ± 0.0061; n = 3) and 1023% (0.2454 ± 0.0103; n = 3) increase, respectively, in the OD of the eye pigment levels. However, in the JIL-1^z2/Su(var)3-9⁰⁶ and JIL-1^z2/Su(var)2-5⁰⁵ double-mutant backgrounds, the eye pigment levels (0.2337 ± 0.0011 and 0.2043 ± 0.0037, respectively; n = 3) were significantly reduced (Table 1) by 13% and 17% as compared to heterozygous Su(var)3-9⁰⁶/+ and Su(var)2-5⁰⁵/+ genotypes, indicating that a heterozygous JIL-1 null allele has the abilty to counterbalance the suppression of the Su(var)3-9⁰⁶ or Su(var)2-5⁰⁵ alleles of the PEV of w^m4. However, it should be noted that it has been demonstrated that JIL-1 can act both as an enhancer and as a suppressor of w^m4 PEV, depending on the precise levels of JIL-1 (Lerachet al. 2006; Denget al. 2010). Thus, the genetic interactions between JIL-1 and the Su(var)3-9 and Su(var)2-5 alleles in regulating the PEV of w^m4 are likely to be more complex than in the case of 118E-10 where reduced levels of JIL-1 always act as an enhancer (Baoet al. 2007). In females where the enhancer effect of the heterozygous JIL-1^z2 allele is less pronounced than in males, a statistically significant counterbalancing effect was detected only in flies of the JIL-1^z2/Su(var)2-5⁰⁵ genotype (Figure S2).

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Figure 3.—

Counterbalancing effect of JIL-1 with Su(var)3-9 and Su(var)2-5 loss-of-function alleles on the PEV of w^m4. (A) Histograms of the levels of eye pigment in +/+, JIL-1^z2/+ (z2/+), Su(var)3-9⁰⁶/+ (3-9⁰⁶/+), and JIL-1^z2/Su(var)3-9⁰⁶ (z2/3-9⁰⁶) w^m4 male flies. (B) Histograms of the levels of eye pigment in +/+, JIL-1^z2/+ (z2/+), Su(var)2-5⁰⁵/+ (2-5⁰⁵/+), and JIL-1^z2/Su(var)2-5⁰⁵ (z2/2-5⁰⁵) w^m4 male flies.

These results demonstrate that the haplo-enhancer effect of JIL-1 has the ability to counterbalance the haplo-suppressor effect of both Su(var)3-9 and Su(var)2-5 on the PEV of two different alleles. In previous experiments, a genetic interaction between JIL-1 and Su(var)2-5 was not detected (Denget al. 2007). However, the assays used to probe for interactions were viability and rescue of polytene chromosome morphology. As indicated by the experiments presented here, these parameters are likely to be independent of and separate from the mechanisms contributing to epigenetic regulation of PEV and gene silencing. Consequently, the present experiments, taken together with those of Denget al. (2010) using a JIL-1 null allele, provide strong evidence that a finely tuned balance between the levels of JIL-1 and all of the major heterochromatin components Su(var)3-9, HP1a, and Su(var)3-7 contributes to the regulation of PEV and gene expression.

• Received January 13, 2011.
• Accepted April 11, 2011.

• Copyright © 2011 by the Genetics Society of America