Pleiotropic Effects of the Duplicate Maize FLORICAULA/LEAFY Genes zfl1 and zfl2 on Traits Under Selection During Maize Domestication

Kirsten Bomblies; John F. Doebley

doi:10.1534/genetics.105.048595

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TABLE 2

Reproductive timing traits associated with zfl1 and zfl2

Trait	Pop.	Gene	n	mum/mum	WT/WT	P	d/a	r²	tot. r²
LN	H95a	zfl1	223	23.9 ± 0.18	22.1 ± 0.24	***	0.27	0.16	0.26
		zfl2	223	23.5 ± 0.23	22.5 ± 0.20	**	0.44	0.04
	H95b	zfl1	72	23.4 ± 0.28	21.8 ± 0.29	**	0.53	0.17	0.44
		zfl2	72	22.9 ± 0.26	21.9 ± 0.32	*	−0.38	0.06
	OH43a	zfl1	183	22.2 ± 0.19	20.2 ± 0.19	***	0.68	0.21	0.47
		zfl2	183	21.9 ± 0.16	20.5 ± 0.22	***	0.89	0.14
	W03	zfl1	89	21.6 ± 0.19	20.7 ± 0.18	**	1.11	0.20	0.23
		zfl2	89	21.3 ± 0.18	20.8 ± 0.18	—		0.05
	W00	zfl1	115	11.9 ± 0.25^a	10.6 ± 0.20^a	**	0.09	0.13	0.19
		zfl2	115	11.3 ± 0.20^a	11.2 ± 0.24^a	—		0
	M02-2	zfl1	127	22.4 ± 0.23	19.5 ± 0.28	***	0.34	0.35	0.43
		zfl2	127	21.4 ± 0.28	20.3 ± 0.24	*	0.38	0.04
	M01	zfl1	294	21.4 ± 0.14	18.6 ± 0.14	***	0.51	0.37	0.52
		zfl2	294	21.0 ± 0.16	19.0 ± 0.13	***	0.88	0.20
DTP	H95a	zfl1	221	76.8 ± 0.31	75.0 ± 0.41	**	0.76	0.07	0.17
		zfl2	221	76.9 ± 0.41	74.9 ± 0.34	**	0.58	0.06
	H95b	zfl1	69	78.7 ± 0.53	76.9 ± 0.51	*	1.12	0.10	0.40
		zfl2	69	79.3 ± 0.52	76.3 ± 0.55	**	0.71	0.20
	OH43a	zfl1	181	72.9 ± 0.31	71.2 ± 0.32	**	0.71	0.09	0.18
		zfl2	181	72.8 ± 0.27	71.2 ± 0.35	**	0.51	0.08
	OH43b	zfl1	101	73.0 ± 0.44	70.7 ± 0.57	**	0.80	0.10	0.40
		zfl2	101	73.6 ± 0.45	70.6 ± 0.54	***	1.02	0.19
	W03	zfl1	96	75.9 ± 0.65	73.7 ± 0.44	*	0.69	0.09	0.12
		zfl2	96	75.4 ± 0.64	74.0 ± 0.43	—		0.04
	M01	zfl1	286	77.4 ± 0.58	74.0 ± 0.35	***	0.13	0.08	0.16
		zfl2	286	77.2 ± 0.60	74.9 ± 0.30	**	1.01	0.04
DTS	H95a	zfl1	219	78.1 ± 0.40	76.2 ± 0.52	**	0.90	0.07	0.11
		zfl2	219	77.5 ± 0.52	76.7 ± 0.43	—		0.02
	H95b	zfl1	72	81.6 ± 0.62	77.5 ± 0.65	***	0.57	0.21	0.46
		zfl2	72	81.0 ± 0.59	78.3 ± 0.71	**	1.14	0.14
	OH43a	zfl1	181	73.9 ± 0.36	71.8 ± 0.37	***	0.86	0.10	0.23
		zfl2	181	73.8 ± 0.32	71.6 ± 0.42	***	0.45	0.10
	OH43b	zfl1	100	74.9 ± 0.41	70.8 ± 0.51	***	0.80	0.28	0.57
		zfl2	100	74.7 ± 0.43	70.8 ± 0.48	***	0.72	0.23
	W03	zfl1	96	78.1 ± 0.50	75.1 ± 0.44	***	0.82	0.21	0.35
		zfl2	96	78.0 ± 0.49	74.9 ± 0.43	***	0.54	0.18
	M01	zfl1	291	82.1 ± 0.47	77.7 ± 0.39	***	0.20	0.15	0.19
		zfl2	291	81.2 ± 0.50	79.4 ± 0.34	***	1.85	0.06
HLN	OH43a	zfl1	180	13.2 ± 0.37	10.0 ± 0.39	***	0.99	0.20	0.35
		zfl2	180	12.0 ± 0.33	10.6 ± 0.44	**	0.90	0.04
	OH43b	zfl1	99	16.3 ± 0.51	10.2 ± 0.70	***	0.61	0.31	0.61
		zfl2	99	14.4 ± 0.57	11.8 ± 0.64	**	1.06	0.07
	W03	zfl1	94	9.6 ± 0.33	7.4 ± 0.29	***	0.46	0.22	0.31
		zfl2	94	9.4 ± 0.32	7.7 ± 0.28	**	0.71	0.15
	M01	zfl1	282	14.1 ± 0.40	11.7 ± 0.38	***	0.36	0.07	0.09
		zfl2	282	13.5 ± 0.43	12.4 ± 0.34	*	1.27	0.02

Traits: LN, leaf number; DTP, days to pollen shed; DTS, days to silk emergence; HLN, husk leaf number; Pop, population analyzed; n, number of plants in analysis; mum/mum, least-square mean (± standard error) for plants homozygous for mutant alleles at the gene analyzed; WT/WT, least-square mean (± standard error) for plants homozygous for wild-type alleles at the gene analyzed (heterozygous trait values reported in supplemental material at http://www.genetics.org/supplemental/); P, F-test P-value from two-way ANOVA: ***P < 0.0001; **P = 0.0001 < P <0.01; *P = 0.01 < P < 0.05; —, not significant (P > 0.05); d/a, dominance/additivity ratio (reported for statistically significant trends only); r², percentage trait variance explained (single gene effect from two-way ANOVA); tot. r², whole model percentage trait variance explained (from two-way ANOVA).
↵a Leaf number (LN) for W00 population was counted at maturity from soil level node as “node 1.”

TABLE 3

Plant branching traits associated with zfl1 and zfl2

Trait	Pop.	Gene	n	mum/mum	WT/WT	P	d/a	r²	tot.r²
LBN	H95a	zfl1	222	4.0 ± 0.16	3.2 ± 0.22	*	−0.04	0.03	0.18
		zfl2	222	4.4 ± 0.21	2.8 ± 0.18	***	0.02	0.13
	H95b	zfl1	72	3.5 ± 0.22	3.6 ± 0.23	—		0.01	0.09
		zfl2	72	3.6 ± 0.21	3.6 ± 0.25	—		0.03
	OH43a	zfl1	183	3.5 ± 0.16	3.2 ± 0.16	—		0.02	0.23
		zfl2	183	3.9 ± 0.13	3.0 ± 0.18	***	1.02	0.16
	OH43b	zfl1	103	3.6 ± 0.16	3.4 ± 0.22	**	4.19	0.08	0.36
		zfl2	103	4.0 ± 0.17	2.7 ± 0.20	***	0.22	0.19
	W03	zfl1	96	3.1 ± 0.26	3.9 ± 0.23	*	0.74	0.06	0.15
		zfl2	96	3.0 ± 0.25	3.9 ± 0.22	**	1.01	0.12
	W00	zfl1	115	2.5 ± 0.26	2.7 ± 0.21	—		0.02	0.17
		zfl2	115	3.2 ± 0.22	1.8 ± 0.26	**	−0.10	0.14
	M02-2	zfl1	125	1.7 ± 0.10	1.5 ± 0.12	—		0.01	0.09
		zfl2	125	1.8 ± 0.12	1.4 ± 0.10	—		0.04
	M01	zfl1	297	2.8 ± 0.11	2.0 ± 0.10	***	0.73	0.11	0.23
		zfl2	297	2.9 ± 0.12	1.9 ± 0.09	***	0.66	0.15
LDE	H95a	zfl1	222	15.2 ± 0.16	13.6 ± 0.22	***	0.57	0.17	0.27
		zfl2	222	14.8 ± 0.21	13.8 ± 0.18	**	0.43	0.05
	H95b	zfl1	72	14.6 ± 0.25	13.1 ± 0.26	**	−0.07	0.14	0.49
		zfl2	72	14.4 ± 0.24	13.0 ± 0.28	**	−0.62	0.13
	OH43a	zfl1	183	14.0 ± 0.18	12.4 ± 0.19	***	0.56	0.19	0.28
		zfl2	183	13.5 ± 0.15	12.8 ± 0.21	**	0.68	0.05
	W03	zfl1	87	11.7 ± 0.24	11.4 ± 0.20	—		0.02	0.13
		zfl2	87	11.8 ± 0.23	11.2 ± 0.20	—		0.05
	M02-2	zfl1	125	16.0 ± 0.27	13.2 ± 0.30	***	0.13	0.25	0.47
		zfl2	125	15.6 ± 0.30	13.8 ± 0.25	***	0.38	0.10
UDE	H95a	zfl1	223	18.1 ± 0.18	15.8 ± 0.24	***	0.37	0.20	0.44
		zfl2	223	18.2 ± 0.24	15.6 ± 0.20	***	0.18	0.19
	H95b	zfl1	72	17.1 ± 0.24	15.6 ± 0.25	**	0.15	0.15	0.45
		zfl2	72	17.0 ± 0.23	15.5 ± 0.27	**	−0.15	0.15
	OH43a	zfl1	183	16.5 ± 0.15	14.6 ± 0.15	***	0.70	0.24	0.61
		zfl2	183	16.5 ± 0.13	14.7 ± 0.17	***	0.89	0.26
	W03	zfl1	88	14.0 ± 0.20	14.3 ± 0.17	—		0.02	0.23
		zfl2	88	13.8 ± 0.20	14.2 ± 0.17	**	2.51	0.12
	M02-2	zfl1	125	16.7 ± 0.24	13.8 ± 0.30	***	0.15	0.26	0.53
		zfl2	125	16.4 ± 0.30	14.2 ± 0.24	***	0.36	0.13
BLN	H95a	zfl1	223	5.8 ± 0.13	6.3 ± 0.18	*	0.73	0.03	0.25
		zfl2	223	5.3 ± 0.17	6.9 ± 0.14	***	0.01	0.19
	H95b	zfl1	72	6.4 ± 0.18	6.2 ± 0.19	—		0.05	0.16
		zfl2	72	5.9 ± 0.17	6.3 ± 0.13	—		0.04
	OH43a	zfl1	183	5.7 ± 0.13	5.6 ± 0.14	—		0	0.06
		zfl2	183	5.4 ± 0.11	5.8 ± 0.15	—		0.03
	OH43b	zfl1	101	6.3 ± 0.15	6.0 ± 0.20	—		0.02	0.38
		zfl2	101	5.3 ± 0.16	6.8 ± 0.19	***	0.39	0.29
	W03	zfl1	97	7.6 ± 0.19	6.3 ± 0.17	***	1.00	0.26	0.42
		zfl2	97	7.5 ± 0.19	6.6 ± 0.16	***	1.85	0.26
	M02-2	zfl1	125	5.7 ± 0.14	5.7 ± 0.17	—		0.01	0.32
		zfl2	125	4.9 ± 0.17	6.1 ± 0.14	***	0.41	0.17

Traits: LBN, lateral branch (ear shoot) number; LDE, node number of lowest developed ear; UDE, node number of uppermost ear; BLN, blank vegetative node number above top ear. For remaining definitions, see Table 2 legend.

TABLE 4

Inflorescence structure traits associated with zfl1 and zfl2

Trait	Pop.	Gene	n	mum/mum	WT/WT	P	d/a	r²	tot. r²
TBN	H95a	zfl1	223	14.1 ± 0.70	15.9 ± 0.94	—		0.02	0.13
		zfl2	223	13.6 ± 0.93	17.0 ± 0.78	*	0.05	0.03
	H95b	zfl1	71	14.1 ± 0.95	14.2 ± 0.97	—		0.02	0.32
		zfl2	71	11.7 ± 0.91	15.1 ± 1.06	**	2.03	0.21
	OH43a	zfl1	182	11.4 ± 0.54	10.3 ± 0.56	—		0.02	0.36
		zfl2	182	8.7 ± 0.48	12.0 ± 0.63	***	1.39	0.15
	OH43b	zfl1	101	14.8 ± 0.74	13.4 ± 0.97	—		0.02	0.48
		zfl2	101	10.0 ± 0.77	17.3 ± 0.91	***	0.74	0.28
	W03	zfl1	99	13.5 ± 0.73	14.3 ± 0.80	—		0.05	0.24
		zfl2	99	13.0 ± 0.72	14.6 ± 0.79	*	2.46	0.08
	W00	zfl1	116	8.0 ± 0.56	7.7 ± 0.46	**	−12.5	0.06	0.39
		zfl2	116	6.5 ± 0.47	9.0 ± 0.56	***	1.44	0.15
	M02-2	zfl1	146	12.0 ± 0.52	13.4 ± 0.70	—		0.02	0.50
		zfl2	146	9.1 ± 0.69	15.4 ± 0.51	***	0.65	0.21
	M01	zfl1	295	7.3 ± 0.39	9.2 ± 0.38	***	1.06	0.05	0.29
		zfl2	295	6.0 ± 0.43	9.7 ± 0.33	***	1.15	0.16
KRN (2 × RNK)	H95a	zfl1	208	16.0 ± 0.33	16.7 ± 0.42	*	2.00	0.03	0.15
		zfl2	208	15.4 ± 0.43	17.7 ± 0.34	**	0.09	0.08
	OH43a	zfl1	179	16.0 ± 0.25	16.3 ± 0.26	—		0	0.21
		zfl2	179	15.1 ± 0.22	16.9 ± 0.29	***	0.73	0.18
	OH43b	zfl1	100	15.7 ± 0.32	16.0 ± 0.42	—		0.01	0.32
		zfl2	100	14.3 ± 0.34	17.5 ± 0.40	***	0.16	0.29
	W03	zfl1	94	13.1 ± 0.31	13.7 ± 0.27	—		0.05	0.18
		zfl2	94	13.0 ± 0.30	13.8 ± 0.27	*	0.93	0.06
	W00	zfl1	72	13.4 ± 0.51	13.1 ± 0.50	—		0	0.10
		zfl2	72	12.8 ± 0.44	13.2 ± 0.55	—		0.03
	M02-2	zfl1	121	16.5 ± 0.42	17.4 ± 0.51	—		0.03	0.12
		zfl2	121	16.2 ± 0.54	17.2 ± 0.39	*	2.18	0.05
	M01	zfl1	280	14.0 ± 0.24	16.5 ± 0.22	***	0.03	0.17	0.27
		zfl2	280	14.2 ± 0.26	16.0 ± 0.20	***	0.62	0.09
TRNK	M01	zfl1	294	5.6 ± 0.11	6.3 ± 0.11	***	−0.22	0.07	0.14
		zfl2	294	5.7 ± 0.12	6.1 ± 0.08	*	1.22	0.03

Traits: TBN, tassel branch number; KRN, kernel row number (2 × ear rank [RNK]); TRNK, tassel rank. For other definitions, see Table 2 legend.

TABLE 5

Traits associated with zfl1 or zfl2 when paralog is mutant

Trait	Pop.	Gene	n	mum/mum	WT/WT	P value	r²
LN	H95a	zfl1	39	25.2 ± 0.43	22.5 ± 0.55	***	0.40
		zfl2	69	25.2 ± 0.48	23.0 ± 0.35	**	0.18
	OH43a	zfl1	64	24.0 ± 0.31	20.4 ± 0.32	***	0.55
		zfl2	51	24.0 ± 0.37	21.3 ± 0.53	***	0.41
	M01	zfl1	66	23.8 ± 0.34	19.2 ± 0.30	***	0.66
		zfl2	80	23.8 ± 0.34	20.0 ± 0.23	***	0.55
DTP	H95a	zfl1	38	78.9 ± 0.60	76.0 ± 0.74	**	0.37
		zfl2	67	78.9 ± 0.74	75.1 ± 0.51	**	0.22
	OH43a	zfl1	61	74.3 ± 0.58	72.1 ± 0.55	**	0.15
		zfl2	48	74.3 ± 0.53	72.0 ± 0.64	*	0.17
	M01	zfl1	57	80.0 ± 1.56	75.2 ± 0.70	*	0.13
		zfl2	72	80.0 ± 1.46	75.6 ± 0.49	*	0.10
DTS	H95a	zfl1	38	80.1 ± 0.98	76.3 ± 1.19	**	0.26
		zfl2	66	80.1 ± 1.03	76.7 ± 0.71	*	0.10
	OH43a	zfl1	61	76.1 ± 0.70	72.7 ± 0.66	**	0.24
		zfl2	49	76.1 ± 0.69	72.3 ± 0.84	**	0.25
	M01	zfl1	62	86.6 ± 1.36	77.3 ± 0.93	***	0.35
		zfl2	75	86.6 ± 1.28	79.7 ± 0.67	***	0.26
HLN	OH43a	zfl1	61	16.1 ± 0.67	9.65 ± 0.63	***	0.53
		zfl2	49	16.1 ± 0.76	11.5 ± 0.93	***	0.33
	M01	zfl1	64	16.3 ± 1.13	11.4 ± 0.97	**	0.15
		zfl2	76	16.3 ± 0.98	12.9 ± 0.66	*	0.12
LBN	H95a	zfl1	39	4.90 ± 0.39	4.17 ± 0.51	—	0.07
		zfl2	69	4.90 ± 0.47	3.05 ± 0.34	**	0.14
	OH43a	zfl1	64	4.61 ± 0.28	3.53 ± 0.29	*	0.14
		zfl2	51	4.61 ± 0.21	3.00 ± 0.30	***	0.46
	M01	zfl1	66	4.18 ± 0.41	2.27 ± 0.35	**	0.21
		zfl2	80	4.18 ± 0.36	2.04 ± 0.23	***	0.26
LDE	H95a	zfl1	39	16.7 ± 0.40	13.7 ± 0.52	***	0.49
		zfl2	69	16.7 ± 0.41	14.1 ± 0.30	***	0.29
	OH43a	zfl1	64	14.7 ± 0.33	12.7 ± 0.34	**	0.24
		zfl2	51	14.7 ± 0.27	13.8 ± 0.38	*	0.16
UDE	H95a	zfl1	39	20.6 ± 0.48	16.8 ± 0.62	***	0.52
		zfl2	69	20.6 ± 0.52	16.2 ± 0.37	***	0.42
	OH43a	zfl1	64	18.3 ± 0.26	15.2 ± 0.27	***	0.57
		zfl2	51	18.3 ± 0.23	15.8 ± 0.33	***	0.64
BLN	H95a	zfl1	39	4.60 ± 0.35	5.67 ± 0.46	*	0.16
		zfl2	69	4.60 ± 0.39	6.79 ± 0.29	**	0.24
	OH43a	zfl1	64	5.72 ± 0.24	5.24 ± 0.25	—	0.03
		zfl2	51	5.72 ± 0.24	5.56 ± 0.34	—	0.01
TBN	H95a	zfl1	39	9.30 ± 1.30	16.8 ± 1.68	**	0.32
		zfl2	69	9.30 ± 1.77	18.9 ± 1.28	**	0.24
	OH43a	zfl1	62	5.00 ± 0.91	10.4 ± 0.89	***	0.33
		zfl2	49	5.00 ± 1.07	13.8 ± 1.36	***	0.56
	M01	zfl1	65	0.64 ± 0.75	9.33 ± 0.65	***	0.60
		zfl2	80	0.64 ± 0.85	10.9 ± 0.54	***	0.61
KRN	H95a	zfl1	34	14.3 ± 0.95	15.5 ± 1.12	—	0.10
		zfl2	61	14.3 ± 0.87	17.9 ± 0.53	**	0.23
	OH43a	zfl1	60	14.4 ± 0.46	15.3 ± 0.42	—	0.07
		zfl2	47	14.4 ± 0.43	17.0 ± 0.51	**	0.33
	M01	zfl1	63	11.9 ± 0.57	16.1 ± 0.44	***	0.37
		zfl2	74	11.9 ± 0.57	15.5 ± 0.35	***	0.30
TRNK	M01	zfl1	66	5.33 ± 0.26	6.13 ± 0.24	—	0.08
		zfl2	80	5.33 ± 0.23	5.99 ± 0.16	*	0.09

Definitions are as for Tables 2–4⇑⇑.

TABLE 6

Traits associated with zfl1 and zfl2 in populations carrying independent zfl1 mutations

Trait	Pop.	Gene	n	mum/mum	WT/WT	P value	r²
LN	IL	zfl1	221	16.7 ± 0.17	16.7 ± 0.19	—	0
		zfl2	221	18.0 ± 0.19	15.6 ± 0.16	***	0.28
	M02-1	zfl1	151	22.6 ± 0.28	22.6 ± 0.22	—	0
		zfl2	151	24.5 ± 0.28	21.7 ± 0.24	***	0.29
DTP	IL	zfl1	206	63.0 ± 0.47	63.2 ± 0.51	—	0
		zfl2	206	64.0 ± 0.58	62.0 ± 0.38	*	0.04
DTS	IL	zfl1	200	66.2 ± 0.46	67.0 ± 0.65	—	0.01
		zfl2	200	69.9 ± 0.70	64.3 ± 0.40	***	0.19
LBN	IL	zfl1	221	2.2 ± 0.10	2.1 ± 0.11	—	0
		zfl2	221	2.5 ± 0.11	1.8 ± 0.10	***	0.12
	M02-1	zfl1	151	2.4 ± 0.20	2.4 ± 0.16	—	0.01
		zfl2	151	3.1 ± 0.20	1.8 ± 0.17	***	0.15
LDE	IL	zfl1	221	10.3 ± 0.15	10.6 ± 0.17	—	0.01
		zfl2	221	11.3 ± 0.18	9.6 ± 0.14	***	0.21
	M02-1	zfl1	151	16.3 ± 0.27	16.4 ± 0.22	—	0
		zfl2	151	18.4 ± 0.27	15.1 ± 0.24	***	0.36
UDE	IL	zfl1	221	11.5 ± 0.14	11.6 ± 0.16	—	0
		zfl2	221	12.9 ± 0.17	10.4 ± 0.14	***	0.38
	M02-1	zfl1	151	17.7 ± 0.30	17.8 ± 0.24	—	0.01
		zfl2	151	20.5 ± 0.30	15.9 ± 0.26	***	0.47
TBN	IL	zfl1	220	8.6 ± 0.36	7.3 ± 0.40	*	0.01
		zfl2	220	2.7 ± 0.42	10.9 ± 0.34	***	0.50
	M02-1	zfl1	151	11.4 ± 0.62	11.3 ± 0.51	—	0
		zfl2	151	2.8 ± 0.63	15.5 ± 0.54	***	0.54
KRN	IL	zfl1	185	13.7 ± 0.32	13.9 ± 0.35	—	0
		zfl2	185	13.4 ± 0.42	13.5 ± 0.25	**	0.05
	M02-1	zfl1	119	15.9 ± 0.42	15.9 ± 0.33	—	0
		zfl2	119	14.1 ± 0.47	17.6 ± 0.31	***	0.25

All definitions are as for Tables 2–4⇑⇑.

TABLE 7

Significant associations in maize/teosinte hybrid populations

Trait	Group	Marker	Bin	n	P	r²	d/a	High class
uRNK	T1W	zfl2	2.02	192	*	0.04	−0.40	M
		bnlg1175	2.04	192	**	0.04	−0.07	M
	T2W	zfl2	2.02	166	**	0.07	0.32	M
		mmc0231	2.03	167	*	0.04	−0.60	M
sRNK	T1W	umc1165	2.01	193	*	0.03	0.24	M
		zfl2	2.02	193	***	0.09	0.14	M
		mmc0231	2.03	191	**	0.05	0.23	M
		bnlg1175	2.04	193	***	0.10	−0.05	M
	T2W	zfl2	2.02	166	**	0.09	−0.06	M
		mmc0231	2.03	167	*	0.04	−0.61	M
	T2m	zfl2	2.02	145	*	0.04	17.5	H
		mmc0231	2.03	145	*	0.05	7.60	H
BLN	T1W	umc1165	2.01	193	*	0.04	0.90	M
		zfl2	2.02	193	***	0.10	0.29	M
		mmc0231	2.03	193	**	0.08	0.55	M
		bnlg1175	2.04	193	*	0.04	0.76	M
	T1m	zfl2	2.02	178	**	0.05	−0.45	T
		mmc0231	2.03	175	*	0.04	−0.54	T
	T2m	mmc0231	2.03	148	**	0.08	−1.91	T

Marker, genetic marker used; bin, approximate region of maize genetic map; n, number of individuals in analysis; high class, genotype class with highest trait value: M, homozygous maize; T, homozygous teosinte; H, heterozygous; uRNK, ear rank of terminal ear of uppermost branch; sRNK, ear rank of terminal ear of second branch from top (below uppermost); BLN, blank vegetative nodes between uppermost lateral branch and tassel. For other definitions see Table 2 legend. Only significant trends are shown. For trait values and remaining traits, see supplemental materials at http://www.genetics.org/supplemental/.

TABLE 8
Significant QTL identified in maize/teosinte hybrid populations
Trait Group Position Near marker LOD Cutoff Add. r²
BLN T1W 26.01 zfl2 2.96 2.66 3.17 0.05
sRNK T1W 48.51 bnlg1175 4.63 2.74 3.86 0.10
T2W 19.51 zfl2 3.32 2.89 3.33 0.10
Traits: BLN, blank vegetative nodes between uppermost lateral branch and tassel; sRNK, ear rank of terminal ear of second branch from top (below uppermost); Position, position in centimorgans of center of QTL peak on linkage map generated for SSR markers; near marker, closest genetic marker; LOD, LOD score of QTL; cutoff, significance established by 1000 permutations of the data for each trait; Add, additive QTL effect. T1W marker locations: umc1165, 0cM; zfl2, 27.4 cM; mmc0231, 32.5 cM; bnlg1175, 50.3 cM. T2W marker locations: umc1227, 0 cM; zfl2, 19.5 cM; mmc0231, 31.4 cM; umc1026, 48.3 cM.