5 Results
for term "sites"
- The Mouse Lemur, a Genetic Model Organism for Primate Biology, Behavior, and Health...their site of action. Many of the genes, pathways, and principles elaborated in genetic model organisms have turned out to be broadly conserved, aiding understanding of organisms throughout the tree of life. However, the focus on a small number of organisms has impeded progress in areas of biology ~~~
- Rendering the Intractable More Tractable: Tools from Caenorhabditis elegans Ripe for Import into Parasitic Nematodes...and DNA transformation (Hong and Sommer 2006; Dieterich et al. 2008; Schlager et al. 2009; Cinkornpumin and Hong 2011; Sommer and McGaughran 2013; Witte et al. 2014). The development of these genetic models has been greatly facilitated by development of site-specic DNA endonucleases to permit genome ~~~
- Genetic and Genomic Toolbox of the Chordate Ciona intestinalis...target sequence (Monteilhet et al. 1990). Co-injection of I-SceI enzyme into eggs can increase the rate of genome integration and germline transmission of transgenes anked by two I-SceI sites (Thermes et al. 2002). It is thought that I-SceI will cause double stranded breaks anking the transgene, which ~~~
Figure 1CRISPR/Cas9 editing. (A) The Cas9:sgRNA complex scans the genome searching for “NGG” PAM sequences (blue text). The 20 bp at the 5′ end of the sgRNA are homologous to the 20 bp 5′ to the PAM in the genomic target site, and the sgRNA pairs with the complementary strand in the genomic target sequence. The PAM sequence instructs Cas9 to make a DNA double-stranded break (DSB) three to four nucleotides 5′ to the PAM. (B) A Cas9-induced DSB can be repaired through error-prone nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) or error-free homologous recombination (HR) pathways. NHEJ can be used for gene inactivation, as it produces small, random insertion and deletion mutations at the DSB site. By supplying repair templates with homology arms flanking the break site, one can use HR to precisely delete sequences, insert epitopes, or introduce point mutations. To recover HR-mediated knock-ins, one must often either screen large numbers of cells/animals or use positive selection/co-CRISPR approaches; HR is typically less efficient at producing edits compared to NHEJ.
Figure 3Field study of mouse lemurs. (A) Geographical distribution of mouse lemurs in Madagascar (off east coast of mainland Africa, boxed in inset) and major field study sites (filled ○). Capital city Antananarivo (○) is located centrally, inland from coastal forested areas (green shading). The approximate distribution of 11 of the >20 described species of mouse lemurs is shown by color outlines as indicated in the legend; most species are “microendemic” to a region delimited by rivers, mountains, or elevation gradients. Field study sites include: RNP (rain forest), Kirindy Mitea National Park (dry deciduous forest), Ankarafantsika Nature Reserve (dry tropical forest), Andohahela National Park (spiny forest), and Beza Mahafaly Reserve (gallery forest). (B) Aerial view of CVB research station at RNP, established by Patricia Wright and colleagues in 1991 (RNP) and 2003 (CVB). The state-of-the art interdisciplinary research station (http://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/centre-valbio/) focuses on the unique flora and fauna of the surrounding rain forest, and includes a full molecular and cell biology laboratory and conference center where ecologists and conservation biologists interact with genetics, health, and engineering experts as well as educators and artists. (C) A brown mouse lemur, M. rufus, foraging at night near CVB. Mouse lemurs are nocturnal so field studies are done by capture and release in the evening when they awaken. (D) Field researchers inspecting an aluminum Sherman live trap baited with banana to attract mouse lemurs. (E) A captured brown mouse lemur brought back to the laboratory. An identifying microchip is implanted and the animal thoroughly examined (“deep phenotyping”) before its release back into the wild at the capture site the same evening. Individuals are studied longitudinally by periodic recapture throughout their up to 10 year life span. (F) Scientist examining mouse lemur fibroblast culture in CVB laboratory. Map data from Google (copyright 2016). Microcebus spp. geographical distributions adapted from International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species (http://www.iucnredlist.org/). Photo credits: (B) Khen Randriamamonjy, (C–E) Guy Albertelli.