For Authors
GENETICS' SCOPE and PUBLICATION POLICIES

The journal GENETICS, published by The Genetics Society of America, publishes high quality, original research presenting novel findings on a range of topics bearing on inheritance. These topics include population and evolutionary genetics, complex traits, developmental and behavioral genetics, cellular genetics, gene expression, genome integrity and transmission, and genome and systems biology. The journal also publishes Review, Commentary (current issues or interest to geneticists), and Perspective (historical) articles, as well as articles focused on the teaching of genetics.
GENETICS is a peer-edited journal—all editorial decisions are made by the authors’ peers—with a tradition of rigorous peer-review. Full documentation of the data presented and compelling evidence for the conclusions drawn is required.
CRITERIA FOR PUBLICATION
- the study is of interest to a wide range of genetics and genomics investigators;
- the results presented provide strong support for the conclusions reached;
- the conclusions provide new insights into a biological process,
- the study demonstrates novel and creative approaches to an important biological problem,
- the manuscript describes development of new resources, methods, technologies or tools of interest to a wide range of geneticists.
or
or
Submitted manuscripts are assigned to an Associate Editor, a peer of the authors who manages the review process and decides if the manuscript will be accepted for publication. Manuscripts may be rejected without review if the editors judge it to be outside the scope of the journal. A manuscript will also be returned without being reviewed if it does not follow the GENETICS style guide, or if improper grammar or style precludes its proper scientific review.
COPYRIGHT
The corresponding author represents all the manuscript’s authors in signing a copyright transfer agreement. Upon manuscript acceptance, copyright becomes held by the Genetics Society of America. Under no circumstances can an author deposit an article into a departmental or institutional repository, or distribute, use, or modify for any commercial or non-commercial endeavor without the permission of the Genetics Society of America.
The corresponding author must also obtain permission to reproduce figures, tables, or text from other copyrighted material.
AUTHORSHIP
Authors are those who contributed substantially to the research documented in the paper and share responsibility for the resulting article. The names of these researchers should appear in the byline. Those who assisted peripherally but are not authors may be recognized in the Acknowledgments.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
Upon manuscript submission, the corresponding author must describe any affiliations that may present a conflict of interest in either the choice of Senior Editors, Associate Editors, or reviewers. This information will remain confidential.
FUNDING AGENCIES AND COMPLIANCE
All granting agencies must be recognized in the Acknowledgments. This information must include the agency’s complete name, grant numbers, and institutional publication codes (if applicable).
GENE SEQUENCES
Authors must deposit all relevant information and data into the appropriate public databases, including but not limited to one of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration members. Note that submission into one of the following sequence database ensures that the others will also receive the sequences:
- GenBank, the NIH's genetics sequence database
- EMBL-Bank, The EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database
- DDBJ, DNA Data Bank of Japan
Sequences may appear in text or in figures, but long sequences - such as those requiring more than two pages to reproduce – will not be published unless the Associate Editor and reviewers (we) agree that publication is necessary. If the long sequence is not recommended for publication, you can pay an increased (unsubsidized) page charge to have the sequence included in the publication.
Complete mtDNA sequences will no longer be published in GENETICS, but relevant comparisons will be published if an accession number for the sequence in question is supplied.
To prevent an article being delayed in publication:
- DNA must be sequenced on both strands
- New Nucleotide data must be submitted and deposited in the DDBJ/EMBL/Gen Bank databases
- DNA, RNA or protein sequences corresponding to 50 nucleotides or more must be entered into an appropriate database
- All accession numbers must be provided at or prior to manuscript proof statge
SHARING OF RESEARCH MATERIALS
Because the discoveries of science require continual verification, and progress in science depends so strongly upon prior investigations, it is crucial that key research materials developed by one scientist be made readily available to others.
By publishing in GENETICS, authors describing unique research materials agree to provide them at reasonable cost to colleagues who request them. Examples of unique research materials are strains, gene clones, antibodies (including cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies), and computer programs. A colleague is any active investigator, whether or not in training. The donor may require the recipient to agree neither to use such materials for commercial purposes nor to transfer them to a third party without the consent of the donor.
PREPARING MANUSCRIPTS FOR SUBMISSION

Please read these Instructions for Authors carefully. When you are ready to submit your manuscript for consideration, upload your manuscript online at http://submit.genetics.org.
Before you upload your manuscript, ensure that it adheres to the guidelines in this document.
The corresponding author must have permission of all the authors to submit a manuscript to GENETICS for publication. All authors must agree to give the corresponding author the authority to act on their behalf, but all authors are responsible for the article’s content. By submitting a manuscript to GENETICS, the authors guarantee that the manuscript represents original research, that the data are available to the Associate Editor, Senior Editor, and Editor-in-Chief if necessary, and that the manuscript (and its substance) has not been previously published and is not currently being considered for publication by another journal.
Data entered during manuscript submission is the data that appears in the published-ahead-of-print version (for accepted articles), so be sure to complete all fields.
FIGURES AND TABLES
Figures
To prevent publication delay, these guidelines should be followed when you submit your manuscript figure files. A summary is included below and detailed information is available in the individual sections.
Figures include drawings, graphs, mating-type charts, complex chemical formulas, and other sketches.
File Format
Acceptable file formats are TIFF (.tiff), JPEG (.jpg), Microsoft Word (.doc), Microsoft PowerPoint (.ppt), EPS (.eps), PDF (.pdf), or Adobe Illustrator (.ai).
Formats not supported include: LaTex/Tex, Bitmap (.bmp), PICT (.pict), Excel (.xls), Photoshop (.psd), Canvas (.cnv), Corel Draw (.cdr), and locked or encrypted PDFs (.pdf).
Resolution, Contrast, and Size
All files must conform to the resolution ranges specified below:- Halftone (color or black & white): 200-300 dpi
- Grayscale and color combination images: 300-500 dpi
- Line art images: 500-1000 dpi
RGB, CMYK, and Grayscale are all acceptable. Halftones should be high contrast with sharp detail, because some loss of detail and contrast is inevitable in the printing process. Good contrast is particularly important for chromatographs, such as gel separations. Additionally, each file must be no larger than 10 MB and figures should be 10-20 cm in width and 1-25 cm in height. Graph axes must be exactly perpendicular and all lines of equal density (.5 point minimum).
Labels and Legends
Labels may be used for figures with multiple parts. If so, use A, B, etc. in non-bolded type to label the parts for easy reference within the text. If a figure has important areas to highlight, arrows or numbers can be used to draw attention to these areas. If the figure is submitted in unattached parts, include a scan of how these should be arranged in the printed version.
Additionally, label all figures in numerical order with Arabic numerals, and please cite figures within the text in numerical order. When preparing your manuscript for publication, the copyeditors will insert or relocate a citation, or will renumber figures as needed. Within the label, be sure to distinguish between similar characters, such as the letter l and the number 1 or the letter O and the number 0.
Acceptable type for the labels and legends is Helvetica, size 10 point in a bold weight. The label heading (Figure #) should be in all Caps.
Figure legends must start with a brief title leading into text. All conventional symbols used to indicate figure data points are available for typesetting; unconventional symbols should not be used. Mathematical variables (both in the figure legend and figure) should be italicized and all genotypes must be italicized. Any additional symbols that are normally italicized should continue to use italic rather than underlined roman characters.
Tables
Tables are considered to be figures, but they have special requirements. Within the tables, try to minimize shading, color type, line drawings, graphics, or other illustrations. Instead, prepare a separate, numbered figure to accompany the table. Histograms should not be used to present data that can be captured easily in text or small tables, as they take up much more space. Tables cited in the both the Materials and Methods and Results sections will be set only in the Results section. They will appear in the Materials and Methods only if they are cited in that section and nowhere else.
Format
The only acceptable file format is Microsoft Word (.doc), and each table must start on a new page, with long tables presented on several pages.
Layout
Tables may contain the following sections:
- Microsoft Word, Excel, and Powerpoint
- Title (required) – Should be concise and list the table number in Arabic numerals. Tables should not be numbered 1A, 1B, etc. However, if necessary, interior parts of the table can be labeled A, B, etc…for easy reference in the text.
- Table legend – Should precede footnotes.
- Footnotes – If used, these should be typed directly below the table, with lowercase, superscript italic letters (a, b, c, etc.). Use *, **, and *** to indicate conventional levels of statistical significance, explained below the table.
Tables should have clearly defined boxheads and bottom lines that are .5 point in weight. Use shorter horizontal rules within the boxhead to indicate unambiguously which subheadings are subordinate to a higher-level heading. Do not use vertical or diagonal rules and do not use horizontal rules between the boxhead and the closing rule. Each column in the boxhead should have a title, and each boxhead entry should refer to material beneath it and not to material to the right.
Labels and Legends
Labels for the table should be in all Caps and should be Helvetica font, size 10 point. Material within the table should also be in Helvetica font, size 10 point and be double-spaced. Any totals and sums should be in boldface type. If a legend is present, it must precede any footnotes and should follow the font requirements for the labels and table text.
REFERENCES
The References section lists only articles that are published or in press. References must be formatted as they appear in a recent issue of GENETICS. Parenthetical references are cited in text chronologically. For author names, order references alphabetically by first author with a space between an author's initials. For multiple citations with the same first author, first list single-author entries by year using 1996a, 1996b, etc., as needed. Then list two-author entries alphabetically by second author. Finally, list entries by three or more authors (cited in the text as "FIRST et al. 1996") only by year and without regard to number of authors or alphabetical rank of authors beyond the first. For articles with more than five authors, list the first five names and then "et al."
Sample journal article citation:
Bridges, C. B., and E. G. Anderson, 1925 Crossing over in the X chromosomes of triploid females of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 10: 418–441.
(Note spaces between authors' initials and after the boldface colon.)
Sample book citation:
Sturtevant, A. H., and G. W. Beadle, 1939 An Introduction to Genetics. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
Sample chapter-in-book citation:
Beadle, G. W., 1957 The role of the nucleus in heredity, pp. 3–22 in The Chemical Basis of Heredity, edited by W. D. McElroy and B. Glass. Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore.
SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL
Authors are encouraged to submit supplemental material that enhance the published manuscript and which may be of interest to other investigators. Examples of supplemental material include genetic maps based on DNA polymorphisms, figures, and extended materials and methods sections.
Supplemental files are submitted online at http://submit.genetics.org during the initial manuscript submission, or when the final source files are uploaded. The Editorial Office publishes all source files without alteration. For example, if the author uploads a Microsoft Word file, the reader will download the Microsoft Word file and view the data as originally submitted.
Within the manuscript source file, refer to supplemental material using this language: "See Supplemental Material." This reference will create a link in the online version of the manuscript that will provide readers with easy access to the supplemental material.
Accepted File Types
Because files will not be copy-edited, and will be accessed exactly as submitted, the editorial office recommends that you upload a PDF, where possible; however, supplemental files may include:
- Microsoft Word, Excel, and Powerpoint
- Standard image files such as JPEG and TIFF
- HTML and Text Files
- Standard video and audio files such as Mpeg and Avi
- Mathematica Files
Do not submit Zipped files, and if possible, limit the size of each file to 10MB. If you have any questions about the suitability of a file, please contact the Editorial Office.
Supplemental Figures
Supplemental figures include images, drawings, graphs, mating-type charts, complex chemical formulas, and other sketches.
If a figure has multiple parts, label them A, B, C, etc. For labels. use Helvetica, size 10 point in a bold weight. Italicize symbols that are normally italicized, including all mathematical variables.
Figure legends start with Supplemental Figure, followed by the Arabic number, a period, an em dash, and then the legend. Number figures consecutively using Arabic numerals. Unless the legend is a full sentence, there is no period at the end. Use Helvetica, size 10 point in a regular weight.
Supplemental Tables
Supplemental tables should each start on a new page. If a table has multiple parts, label them A, B, C, etc. For labels use Helvetica, size 10 point in a bold weight.
Table titles start with Supplemental Table, followed by the Arabic number, a period, an em dash, and then the legend. Number tables consecutively using Arabic numerals. Unless the title is a full sentence, there is no period at the end. Use Helvetica, size 10 point in a regular weight. Do not include units of measure in the parentheses of the title.
RESUBMISSIONS
Resubmission of Rejected Manuscripts is permitted a single time, unless repeat submission is encouraged by the Associate Editor. When submitting a previously rejected paper, authors must fully disclose the paper's history with the journal. Authors are expected to use the reviewer's comments to revise rejected papers before submitting them anew.
EDITORIAL STYLE
GENETICS editorial style conforms to the The Chicago Manual of Style (The University of Chicago Press) and Harbrace College Handbook (Harcourt) as interpreted and modified by the editors and Dartmouth Journal Services. The copyeditors rely on a variety of supplementary resources due to the diverse content of the journal:
- The Merriam–Webster Dictionary of English Usage
- Mathematics into Type (American Mathematical Society)
- Words into Type (Prentice Hall)
- A Dictionary of Genetics (Oxford University Press)
- Encyclopedia of Genetics (Academic Press)
- Scientific Style and Format (Council of Science Editors)
- Genome Integrity and Transmission
- Gene Expression
- Cellular Genetics
- Developmental and Behavioral Genetics
- Population and Evolutionary Genetics
- Genetics of Complex Traits
- Genome and Systems Biology
- Each Note must have an abstract of 50 or fewer words.
- Only level 3 headings are permissible in the body of the Note; report introduction, results, and discussion in a single section.
- The text should be kept to a minimum, preferably not exceeding 1000 words; the number of figures and tables should also be kept to a minimum.
- Materials and methods should be described in the figure legends or table footnotes.
- Place acknowledgments at the end without a heading.
- The Literature Cited section is identical to that of full-length articles.
- Failure to follow the GENETICS style guide for authors
- Grammatical and style issues that preclude proper scientific review of the paper
- Scope of the work not being compatible with scope of the journal, in which case editorial board members have sought opinions among other board members (Senior Editors, Associate Editors, Editor-in-Chief) Manuscripts sent for review are examined by one or more reviewers selected (by the handling Associate Editor) for their competence in the subject matter of the article. We request reviews to be returned within 14- to 21-days after a reviewer accepts the review assignment.
- Accept
- Accept with revision
- Reject encourage resubmission
- Reject Criteria for acceptance include scientific merit, clarity of expression, objectivity of writing, and suitability for GENETICS.
- grayscale and color images: 300 dpi
- combination grayscale and color images: 500–900 dpi
- line art (Bitmap) images: 900–1100 dpi.
The editors reserve the privilege of editing manuscripts to conform with the stylistic conventions established in recent volumes of GENETICS, in these Instructions, and in the above-mentioned reference materials, as well as current terminology and accepted usage and practice.
CHOOSING A SECTION
Please choose the appropriate section for the paper.
ARTICLE TYPES 
INVESTIGATIONS
NOTES
Notes are intended for the presentation of brief observations that do not warrant full-length articles. Submit Notes as you would a full-length article; they will receive the same review. They are not considered preliminary communications but should complete the study.
PERSPECTIVES
Perspectives contributions are encouraged, but since these articles are scheduled many months in advance and must meet stringent copy deadlines, a Perspectives editor should be consulted well ahead of time. Perspectives articles may not be uploaded electronically. Authors receive free offprints and page charges are waived. The editors are:
James F. Crow, Genetics Department
William F. Dove, McArdle Laboratory
University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin 53706
REVIEWS
Reviews are by invitation only, and handled by Reviews Editor Allan Spradling. Authors receive free offprints and page charges are waived.EDUCATION
Genetics Education provides a scholarly forum for persons who have created new teaching instruments in their roles as educators. Authors are invited to submit articles that focus on effective ways for students at all levels to learn principles of genetics and to appreciate the implications of research in genetics. The articles or notes should be sufficiently detailed to permit others to adapt the ideas to their own circumstances, and also to provide evidence concerning the value of the innovations. To view the articles that have been published in this section, please see the Education Collections available from the journal home page. The section's Associate Editor is Pat Pukkila, who welcomes inquiries concerning potential submissions: pukkila{at}unc.edu
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Letters to the Editor dealing with research and theory in basic genetics or with social issues of particular interest to geneticists are welcomed. Letters to the Editor should be uploaded electronically. Constructive comments on the subjects of articles from recent issues of GENETICS are appropriate. Figures, complex tables, and complex mathematical formulas should be avoided. The Editorial Board will choose to publish those letters it considers most pertinent to the interests of the readers.
REVIEW PROCESS 
When you submit a manuscript, it is immediately assigned to an appropriate Section Editor. The Section Editor, in consultation with other editors, either sends the manuscript to an Associate Editor for handling, or may rapidly reject the manuscript.
Manuscripts can be rapidly rejected for the reasons that include:
Decisions
When all reviews are in, the Associate Editor then renders a decision on the manuscript. When the decision has been rendered, the reviewers’ comments will be provided to the author. Reviewers will not be identified except at their own request. The potential decisions are:
CHECKING MANUSCRIPT STATUS 
Questions or concerns regarding manuscripts should be sent to the editorial office at td2p{at}andrew.cmu.edu or msstatus-genetics{at}andrew.cmu.edu. You may also contact the Associate Editor directly.
AFTER YOUR ARTICLE HAS BEEN ACCEPTED 
Detailed information will be mailed with your acceptance letter. Guidelines and the general process of what happens between article acceptance and publication are listed below.UPLOADING ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT FILES
Upon manuscript acceptance, authors are required to upload final manuscript and figure source files to the Genetics online manuscript processing system, Bench>Press. Until these files are received, your paper is not considered in production. Detailed instructions are found in the acceptance letter emailed by the associate editor handling your manuscript.
When uploading accepted manuscripts, Microsoft Word, TEX, and LaTex files are acceptable. RTF format and PDF are not acceptable.
For TEX files, be sure to include also the BIB files associated with the manuscript source files.
Electronic images must be provided, separate from the text. Art files must conform to the following minimum resolution specifications:
To learn more about preparing your digital figures for optimal appearance, please see these image guidelines provided by Sheridan Press and Dartmouth Journal Services.
COVER ART SUBMISSIONS
Authors are encouraged to submit original art related to either their article, a special issue, or other GENETICS-related topic. Figures may be uploaded along with the final source files, and may also be emailed to the editorial office. Include a legend for each figure.
When submitting cover art, please submit an image file (PDF, TIFF, JPEG, or PSD) with its size under 10MB. If the cover art candidate is chosen, the editorial office will contact you and request a TIFF (.tiff) file sized at 19.05 x 15.24 centimeters (cm).
PUBLISH-AHEAD-OF-PRINT
GENETICS publishes manuscripts online, as soon as possible after they have been accepted for publication. The manuscript PDFs published ahead of print are the last-reviewed and accepted versions, and have not been formatted, copyedited, or approved by the Editor-in-Chief and the final proofs have not been reviewed by the authors. In support of open access, the published-ahead-of-print version of an article will be freely accessible to all readers, until the time of print and online publication.
The published-ahead-of-print manuscripts appear online as PDFs approximately eight to ten weeks before publication in the printed and online versions of GENETICS. Each manuscript published online ahead-of-print is citable, with the official publication date being the date of the manuscript’s first online posting. GENETICS’ articles are assigned digital object identifiers (DOIs), providing a persistent, permanent way to identify manuscripts published in the online environment.
After a manuscript is first published online, it continues through the process of print publication, including final copyediting, typesetting, proofreading, and author review. Companion articles slated for print and online editions may or may not be published simultaneously as published-ahead-of-print papers.
PROOFS
Corresponding authors will receive an email from the editorial office with the article's scheduled publication month. In addition, Dartmouth Journal Services notifies the authors approximately two weeks before proofs are emailed. When proofs are ready, the corresponding author will receive an email with access to a PDF of page proofs, the reprint order form, and proofreading instructions.
Each proof will show the date that the original manuscript was submitted and the date that the final version was accepted by the Editors.
Please read the entire article, with extra attention to title page elements (names, addresses, etc.) equations and symbols.
Proof corrections must be faxed or emailed to Dartmouth Journal Services within 48-hours of the send-date, or the article may be delayed to a layer issue. All corrections must be sent together; additional corrections may result in extra charges and a delay in publication.
Notes added in proof require editorial approval. Email a copy of your request to the handling Associate Editor and td2p{at}andrew.cmu.edu
PUBLICATION CHARGES
Page charges are $65 per printed page for corresponding authors who are members of the Genetics Society of America, and $80 per printed page for non-members. While no article will be refused because of an author's inability to pay page charges, authors citing grant support are assumed to have the resources to pay for publication charges. To request a page charge waiver form, contact the Managing Editor by email.
Members of the Genetics Society of America pay $100 for each color figure in an article. Nonmembers will be charged $400 for the first color figure and $250 for each subsequent color figure in an article.
Authors are expected to pay all the extra costs of printing and handling an article that are made necessary by author alterations—changes in galley proof not due to printer’s error—or by changes made necessary because the printer could not interpret the author’s intention owing to poorly prepared copy, incorrect file formatting, extra rounds of corrections, or inadequately organized tables. Such charges will not be waived.
Offprint order forms are included with the proofs. A price schedule is included on the order blank.
All charges will be billed on one invoice soon after the article has been printed.
OBTAINING COPYRIGHT PERMISSIONS FOR GENETICS ARTICLES 
Permissions to reuse or modify all or part of a published article, including figures, tables, and legends, can be obtained via the Copyright Clearance Center, or by emailing the full citation, reason for request, and deadline to permissions-genetics{at}andrew.cmu.edu
.
Note that you do not need to obtain permission from the GSA to use an article published in GENETICS if you are reproducing an article (on which you are an author) for your dissertation.
REPRINTS 
Reprints will be shipped (from Dartmouth Journal Services) to corresponding authors about four weeks after the issue has been published. Authors receive order forms via email along with the electronic proofs, and both the proofs and the order forms must be returned at the same time. All charges will be billed on one invoice.
CONTENT GENETICS 
If you have any questions about the manuscript submission, review, or publication process, contact Tracey DePellegrin Connelly, Managing Editor at:
td2p{at}andrew.cmu.edu
or
genetics-gsa{at}andrew.cmu.edu
phone: 412-268-1812
fax: 412-268-1813
Editorial Office
GENETICS
Mellon Institute, Box I
4400 Fifth Avenue
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-2683