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Transfer RNA Post-Transcriptional Processing, Turnover, and Subcellular Dynamics in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Anita K. Hopper
Genetics May 1, 2013 vol. 194 no. 1 43-67; https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.112.147470
Anita K. Hopper
Department of Molecular Genetics, Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Abstract

Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are essential for protein synthesis. In eukaryotes, tRNA biosynthesis employs a specialized RNA polymerase that generates initial transcripts that must be subsequently altered via a multitude of post-transcriptional steps before the tRNAs beome mature molecules that function in protein synthesis. Genetic, genomic, biochemical, and cell biological approaches possible in the powerful Saccharomyces cerevisiae system have led to exciting advances in our understandings of tRNA post-transcriptional processing as well as to novel insights into tRNA turnover and tRNA subcellular dynamics. tRNA processing steps include removal of transcribed leader and trailer sequences, addition of CCA to the 3′ mature sequence and, for tRNAHis, addition of a 5′ G. About 20% of yeast tRNAs are encoded by intron-containing genes. The three-step splicing process to remove the introns surprisingly occurs in the cytoplasm in yeast and each of the splicing enzymes appears to moonlight in functions in addition to tRNA splicing. There are 25 different nucleoside modifications that are added post-transcriptionally, creating tRNAs in which ∼15% of the residues are nucleosides other than A, G, U, or C. These modified nucleosides serve numerous important functions including tRNA discrimination, translation fidelity, and tRNA quality control. Mature tRNAs are very stable, but nevertheless yeast cells possess multiple pathways to degrade inappropriately processed or folded tRNAs. Mature tRNAs are also dynamic in cells, moving from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and back again to the cytoplasm; the mechanism and function of this retrograde process is poorly understood. Here, the state of knowledge for tRNA post-transcriptional processing, turnover, and subcellular dynamics is addressed, highlighting the questions that remain.

  • Received November 6, 2012.
  • Accepted January 8, 2013.
  • Copyright © 2013 by the Genetics Society of America
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Volume 194 Issue 1, May 2013

Genetics: 194 (1)

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YeastBook
Gene Expression & Metabolism
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Transfer RNA Post-Transcriptional Processing, Turnover, and Subcellular Dynamics in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Anita K. Hopper
Genetics May 1, 2013 vol. 194 no. 1 43-67; https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.112.147470
Anita K. Hopper
Department of Molecular Genetics, Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: hopper.64@osu.edu
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Citation

Transfer RNA Post-Transcriptional Processing, Turnover, and Subcellular Dynamics in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Anita K. Hopper
Genetics May 1, 2013 vol. 194 no. 1 43-67; https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.112.147470
Anita K. Hopper
Department of Molecular Genetics, Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: hopper.64@osu.edu

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YeastBook

  • Pathways and Mechanisms that Prevent Genome Instability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  • Genome Diversity and Evolution in the Budding Yeasts (Saccharomycotina)
  • The Nuts and Bolts of Transcriptionally Silent Chromatin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Show more 3

Gene Expression & Metabolism

  • Ribosome Biogenesis in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  • Mapping Yeast Transcriptional Networks
Show more 3
  • Top
  • Article
    • Abstract
    • tRNA Post-Transcriptional Processing
    • tRNA Turnover and Cleavage
    • tRNA Subcellular Trafficking
    • Perspective
    • Acknowledgments
    • Footnotes
    • Literature Cited
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics

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The Genetics Society of America (GSA), founded in 1931, is the professional membership organization for scientific researchers and educators in the field of genetics. Our members work to advance knowledge in the basic mechanisms of inheritance, from the molecular to the population level.

Online ISSN: 1943-2631

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