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doi:10.1534/genetics.106.067082
A more recent version of this article appeared on March 1, 2007.
REGULAR RESEARCH PAPERS |
Inheritance of gynandromorphism in the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis
Albert Kamping 1, Vaishali Katju 2, Leo W Beukeboom 1* and John H Werren 3
1 University of Groningen
2 University of New Mexico
3 University of Rochester
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: l.w.beukeboom{at}rug.nl.
Submitted on October 20, 2006
Revised on November 13, 2006
Accepted on 9 December 2006
The parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis has haplodiploid sex determination. Males develop from unfertilized eggs and are haploid, whereas females develop from fertilized eggs and are diploid. Females and males can be easily distinguished by their morphology. A strain that produces individuals with both male and female features (gynandromorphs) is studied. We provide data on female/male patterning within and between individuals, on environmental effects influencing the occurrence of gynandromorphism and on its pattern of inheritance. A clear anterior/posterior pattern of feminisation is evident in gynandromorphic individuals that developed from unfertilized haploid eggs. The proportion of gynandromorphic individuals can be increased by exposing the mothers to high temperature and also by exposing embryos at early stages of development. Selection for increased gynandromorph frequency was successful. Backcross and introgression experiments showed that a combination of a nuclear and a heritable cytoplasmic component causes gynandromorphism. Analyses of reciprocal F2 and F3 progeny indicate a maternal effect locus (gyn1) which maps to chromosome IV. Coupled with previous studies, our results are consistent with a Nasonia vitripennis sex determination involving a maternal/zygotic balance system and/or maternal imprinting. Genetics and temperature effects suggest a temperature sensitive mutation of a maternally produced masculinizing product that acts during a critical period in early embryogenesis.
Key Words: Nasonia vitripennis,, gynandromorph, inheritance, maternal effect, sex determination
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