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David Maina Menge
Daibin Zhong
Tom Guda
John I Githure
John Beier
Guiyun Yan
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doi:10.1534/genetics.105.055129
A more recent version of this article appeared on May 1, 2006.
REGULAR RESEARCH PAPERS |
Quantitative Trait Loci Controlling Refractoriness to Plasmodium falciparum in Natural Anopheles gambiae from a Malaria Endemic Region in Western Kenya
David Maina Menge 1*, Daibin Zhong 2, Tom Guda 3, Louis C Gouagna 4, John I Githure 3, John Beier 5 and Guiyun Yan 6
1 University of California Irvine
2 SUNY at Buffalo/University of California Irvine
3 International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology
4 Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)
5 University of Miami
6 University of California, Irvine
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: dmenge{at}uci.edu.
Submitted on January 19, 2006
Revised on February 11, 2006
Accepted on 20 February 2006
Natural anopheline populations exhibit much variation in ability to support malaria parasite development, but the genetic mechanisms underlying this variation are not clear. Previous studies in Mali, West Africa, identified two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes that confer refractoriness (failure of oocyst development in mosquito midguts) to natural P. falciparum parasites. We hypothesize that new QTLs may be involved in mosquito refractoriness to malaria parasites and that the frequency of natural refractoriness genotypes may be more often in the basin region of Lake Victoria, East Africa where malaria transmission intensity and parasite genetic diversity is among the highest in the world. Using field-derived F2 iso-female families and microsatellite marker genotyping, two loci significantly affecting oocyst density were identified: one on chromosome 2 between markers AG2H135 and AG2H603, and the second on chromosome 3 near marker AG3H93. The first locus was detected in three out of the five iso-female families and co-localized to the same region as Pen3 and pfin1 described in other studies. The second locus was detected in two out of the five iso-female families, and it appears to be a new QTL. QTL on chromosome 2 showed significant additive effects while those on chromosome 3 exhibited significant dominant effects. Identification of P. falciparum-refractoriness QTLs in natural An. gambiae mosquitoes is critical to the identification of the genes involved in malaria parasite transmission in nature and for understanding the co-evolution between malaria parasites and mosquito vectors.
Key Words: An. gambiae, P. falciparum, QTL, microsatellite, refractoriness
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