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doi:10.1534/genetics.105.052910
A more recent version of this article appeared on April 1, 2006.
REGULAR RESEARCH PAPERS |
Origin and Evolution of Processed Pseudogenes That Stabilize Functional Makorin1 mRNAs in Mice, Primates and Other Mammals
Satoko Kaneko 1, Ikuko Aki 1, Kaoru Tsuda 2, Kazuyuki Mekada 2, Kazuo Moriwaki 2, Naoyuki Takahata 1 and Yoko Satta 1*
1 The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai)
2 BioResource Center, RIKEN Tsukuba Institute
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: satta{at}mailsv.soken.ac.jp.
Submitted on November 6, 2005
Revised on December 10, 2005
Accepted on 16 January 2006
We investigate the origin and evolution of a mouse processed pseudogene, Makorin1-p1, whose transcripts stabilize functional Makorin1 mRNAs. It is shown that Makorin1-p1 originated almost immediately before the musculus and cervicolor species groups diverged from each other some 4 million years ago and that the Makorin1-p1 orthologs in various Mus species are transcribed. However, M. caroli in the cervicolor species group expresses not only Makorin1-p1, but also another older Makorin1-derived processed pseudogene, demonstrating the rapid generation and turnover in subgenus Mus. Under this circumstance, transcribed processed pseudogenes (TPPs) of Makorin1 evolved in a strictly neutral fashion even with an enhanced substitution rate at CpG dinucleotide sites. Next, we extend our analyses to rats and other mammals. It is shown that although these species too possess their own Makorin1-derived TPPs, they occur rather infrequently in simian primates. Under this circumstance, it is hypothesized that already existing TPPs must be prevented from accumulating detrimental mutations by negative selection. This hypothesis is substantiated by the presence of two rather old TPPs, MKRNP1 and MKRN4, in humans and New World monkeys. The evolutionary rate and pattern of Makorin1-derived processed pseudogenes depend heavily on how frequently they are disseminated in the genome.
Key Words: Mus, neutral evolution, primates, retrosposition, transcriptional regulation
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  T. A. Gray, A. Wilson, P. J. Fortin, and R. D. Nicholls The putatively functional Mkrn1-p1 pseudogene is neither expressed nor imprinted, nor does it regulate its source gene in trans PNAS, August 8, 2006; 103(32): 12039 - 12044. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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