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doi:10.1534/genetics.105.048595
A more recent version of this article appeared on January 1, 2006.
REGULAR RESEARCH PAPERS |
Pleiotropic effects of the duplicate maize FLORICAULA/LEAFY genes zfl1 and zfl2 on traits under selection during maize domestication
Kirsten Bomblies 1* and John F. Doebley 1
1 University of Wisconsin, Madison
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: kbomblies{at}yahoo.com.
Submitted on July 21, 2005
Revised on August 21, 2005
Accepted on 20 September 2005
Phenotypic variation on which selection can act during evolution may be caused by variation in activity level of developmental regulatory genes. In many cases, however, such genes affect multiple traits. This situation can lead to co-evolution of traits, or evolutionary constraint if some pleiotropic effects are detrimental. Here, we present an analysis of quantitative traits associated with gene copy number of two important maize regulatory genes, the duplicate FLORICAULA/LEAFY orthologs zfl1 and zfl2. We found statistically significant associations between several quantitative traits and copy number of both zfl genes in several maize genetic backgrounds. Despite overlap in traits associated with these duplicate genes, zfl1 showed stronger associations with flowering time, while zfl2 associated more strongly with branching and inflorescence structure traits, suggesting some divergence of function. Since zfl2 associates with quantitative variation for ear rank, and also maps near a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome two controlling ear rank differences between maize and teosinte, we tested whether zfl2 might have been involved in the evolution of this trait using a QTL complementation test. The results suggest that zfl2 activity is important for the QTL effect, supporting zfl2 as a candidate gene for a role in morphological evolution of maize.
Key Words: FLORICAULA/LEAFY, Maize, Quantitative traits, domestication, zfl
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