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doi:10.1534/genetics.104.035048
A more recent version of this article appeared on April 1, 2005.
REGULAR RESEARCH PAPERS |
Molecular characterization and chromosomal distribution of Galileo, Kepler and Newton, three foldback transposable elements of the Drosophila buzzatii species complex
Ferran Casals 1, Mario Cáceres 2, Maura Helena Manfrin 3, Josefa González 1 and Alfredo Ruiz 1*
1 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
2 Emory University School of Medicine
3 Universidade de Sao Paulo
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: alfredo.ruiz{at}uab.es.
Submitted on August 17, 2004
Revised on December 21, 2004
Accepted on 21 December 2004
Galileo is a foldback-like transposable element of Drosophila buzzatii that has been implicated in the generation of two polymorphic chromosomal inversions in this species. The analysis of the inversion breakpoints led to the discovery of two additional elements, called Kepler and Newton, sharing sequence and structural similarities with Galileo. Here, we describe in detail the molecular structure of these three elements, based on the 13 copies found at the inversion breakpoints plus ten additional copies isolated for this work. Similarly to the foldback elements described in other organisms, these elements have long inverted terminal repeats, that in the case of Galileo possess a complex structure with different domains, and display a high degree of internal variability between the copies. We have constructed a phylogenetic tree and estimated the age of the elements as 5.5 millions of years. We have also carried out an exhaustive analysis of the abundance and chromosomal distribution of these elements in D. buzzatii and other species of the repleta group by Southern analysis and in situ hybridization. Overall, the results of these analyses suggest that the Galileo elements invaded the buzzatti complex some time before the divergence of its species and may have played an important role in shaping the genome of these species. In addition, we show that the recombination rate is the main factor determining the actual chromosomal distribution of these elements.
Key Words: Drosophila, chromosome evolution, foldback, transposable elements
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