Mammalian G9a is a euchromatic histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) methyltransferase essential for development. Here, we characterize the Drosophila homolog of G9a, dG9a. We generated a dG9a deletion allele by homologous recombination. Analysis of this allele revealed that, in contrast to recent findings, dG9a is not required for fly viability.

---

METHYLATION of several conserved lysine residues on histone H3 and H4 tails by histone methyltransferases (HMTases) plays a key role in chromatin structure and gene regulation. Methylation of H3K9 is generally associated with heterochromatin and gene repression and is a docking site for HP1 (BANNISTER et al. 2001; JACOBS et al. 2001; LACHNER et al. 2001). Two H3K9-specific HMTases have been well characterized in Drosophila: SU(VAR)3-9 and DmSETDB1. SU(VAR)3-9 was shown to di- and trimethylate H3K9 at the chromocenter and is therefore considered as the heterochromatic H3K9 HMTase (SCHOTTA et al. 2002; EBERT et al. 2004). DmSETDB1 mono- and dimethylates H3K9 in euchromatin, dimethylates H3K9 on chromosome 4, and is required for silencing of variegating transgenes on chromosome 4 (SEUM et al. 2007). At least one additional HMTase is involved in H3K9 methylation in Drosophila, since H3K9 monomethylation at the chromocenter, H3K9 dimethylation at the telomeres, and some of the H3K9 mono- and dimethyl marks at euchromatic bands are not deposited by SU(VAR)3-9 nor DmSETDB1. One candidate for this function is the Drosophila homolog of the mammalian G9a, dG9a. Mammalian G9a is a euchromatic mono- and di-H3K9 methyltransferase (TACHIBANA et al. 2001; RICE et al. 2003). It is essential for early embryogenesis in mice and is involved in transcriptional silencing of developmentally regulated genes (TACHIBANA et al. 2002; ROOPRA et al. 2004; FELDMAN et al. 2006). Here, we generated a dG9a mutant that lacks the whole dG9a open reading frame (ORF) by homologous recombination. Analysis of this mutant and of flies overexpressing dG9a led us to conclude that this gene is not essential for fly viability and fertility and does not play a major role in H3K9 methylation in third instar larvae.

CG2995 was identified by others and ourselves by blastp as the Drosophila homolog of mammalian G9a (MIS et al. 2006; STABELL et al. 2006). To characterize dG9a function, we first used the KG01242 line, where a P element is located 708 bp upstream of the dG9a ATG (Figure 1A). Because dG9a is expressed in this line (Figure 1B), it cannot be considered a dG9a mutant line. Therefore, we generated the dG9a^del34 allele by imprecise excision of the P element, which removes most of the dG9a gene, except one ankyrin repeat and the SET domain (Figure 1A). The remaining part of the dG9a gene is transcribed (data not shown) and a potentially truncated dG9a protein can be produced. Moreover, the neighboring CG3038 gene is partially deleted. Therefore, we generated the dG9a^RG5 deletion mutant by homologous recombination (Figure 1A). dG9a^RG5 lacks the whole dG9a ORF. Both dG9a^RG5 and dG9a^del34 homozygotes are viable and fertile, with no particular phenotype. Thus, we conclude that dG9a is a nonessential gene and that flies lacking dG9a show no developmental defect. This contradicts results from others who concluded, on the basis of analysis of flies expressing dG9a RNAi, that dG9a is an essential gene involved in the ecdysone pathway and required for puparium formation (STABELL et al. 2006). We surmise that the phenotype observed upon dG9a RNAi expression (STABELL et al. 2006) is not related to the decrease in dG9a expression.

View larger version (20K): In this window In a new window Download PPT slide   FIGURE 1.— (A) Schematic of the alleles described in this study. The CG2995 gene (dG9a) is represented in red, and the neighboring CG3038 in blue. The KG01242 P element located in the dG9a first exon is indicated. The dG9adel34 allele was obtained by imprecise excision of the KG01242 P element. It removes most of the dG9a ORF and part of the CG3038 gene. The dG9aRG5 allele was generated by homologous recombination with the "ends-out" strategy (GONG and GOLIC 2003, 2004). It removes the whole dG9a ORF. For the procedure, see SEUM et al. (2007), and details are available upon request. (B) Analysis of dG9a expression in the w1118, KG01242, and dG9aRG5 lines. Total RNA from adult flies was extracted and reverse transcribed, and expression of dG9a was monitored by semiquantitative RT–PCR with primers located in the dG9a ORF and in the RpL32 gene for normalization.

 
We next investigated whether dG9a is involved in H3K9 methylation. We analyzed the H3K9 mono-, di-, and trimethyl marks on third instar larvae polytene chromosomes of wild type and the dG9a^RG5 homozygous mutant and could not show any difference between the two genetic backgrounds (supplemental Figure 1 at http://www.genetics.org/supplemental/). The H3K27 methylation pattern is also not altered in the absence of dG9a (supplemental Figure 2 at http://www.genetics.org/supplemental/). We also compared the H3K9 methylation levels in third instar larvae tissues (brain, salivary glands, imaginal discs) of wild-type and dG9a^RG5 homozygotes by Western blot analysis and again could not detect any clear difference (Figure 2A and data not shown). Thus, dG9a is not responsible for H3K9 methylation in third instar larvae polytene chromosomes or tissues. But one could envisage that dG9a function is redundant with SU(VAR)3-9 or DmSETDB1. To address this point, we generated double homozygous mutants for dG9a^RG5 and Su(var)3-9⁰⁶ and for dG9a^RG5 and DmSetdb1^10.1a. Phenotypically, dG9a^RG5–Su(var)3-9⁰⁶ double homozygotes behave as single Su(var)3-9⁰⁶ homozygotes, although the reduced viability observed for Su(var)3-9⁰⁶ homozygotes (SCHOTTA et al. 2003) is more severe in the double mutant. As for the dG9a^RG5–DmSetdb1^10.1a double mutant, it behaves as single DmSetdb1^10.1a homozygotes (SEUM et al. 2007), as they die at late pupal stage. No additional phenotypic trait was observed in the double mutants when compared to Su(var)3-9⁰⁶ or DmSetdb1^10.1a single homozygotes. To address a potential redundancy in H3K9 HMTase activity between dG9a and SU(VAR)3-9 or DmSETDB1, we next analyzed the H3K9 mono-, di-, and trimethyl marks on third instar larvae polytene chromosomes in those genetic backgrounds (supplemental Figure 1). In dG9a^RG5–Su(var)3-9⁰⁶ double homozygotes, the H3K9 methylation pattern is identical to that observed in Su(var)3-9⁰⁶ homozygotes, and, in dG9a^RG5–DmSetdb1^10.1a double homozygotes, the H3K9 methylation pattern is identical to that of DmSetdb1^10.1a homozygotes (see supplemental Figure 1, A–C, and its legend for detailed comments on the H3K9 methylation patterns). Thus we conclude that dG9a displays no H3K9 methyltransferase activity in third instar salivary glands and is not redundant with respect to the other H3K9 methyltransferases SU(VAR)3-9 and DmSETDB1. Still, we cannot exclude that dG9a methylates H3K9 in a temporally or spatially restricted fashion. In any event, if this were truly the case, then this dG9a activity would not be required for viability, as dG9a^RG5 homozygotes show no phenotype.

View larger version (54K): In this window In a new window Download PPT slide   FIGURE 2.— (A) Comparison of the H3K9 dimethyl level in wild-type, dG9aRG5, and overexpressing HA-dG9a or 3HA-DmSETDB1 third instar larvae by Western blot analysis. Brain, salivary glands, and imaginal discs from third instar larvae were dissected together, and the level of H3K9 dimethyl was assessed by Western blot analysis (SEUM et al. 2007) with an antibody recognizing this modification (a gift from T. Jenuwein). Membranes were subsequently reprobed with an antibody recognizing total H3 (Abcam no. 1791). Overexpression of HA-dG9a under the control of the hsp70 promoter was induced by three heat shocks of 30 min at 37°/day during the whole development. Two independent transgenic lines were analyzed. (B) Localization of HA-dG9a on third instar larvae polytene chromosomes with an antibody recognizing the HA tag (Covance MMS-101R) (for procedure, see SEUM et al. 2007). HA-dG9a is in red, and DNA counterstained with DAPI is in black. Expression was induced by a 30-min heat shock at 37°, followed by 2 hr at room temperature. "C" points to the chromocenter, "4" to chromosome 4.

 
To further characterize a potential HMTase activity of dG9a, we overexpressed a HA-tagged version of dG9a. For this purpose, HA-dG9a was expressed under the control of the hsp70 promoter and induced by three heat shocks of 30 min at 37°/day during the entire period of development. Overexpression of HA-dG9a does not interfere with fly viability. On salivary gland polytene chromosomes, HA-dG9a localizes at the euchromatic arms and is not present at the chromocenter or at chromosome 4 (Figure 2B), as described for the endogenous dG9a (STABELL et al. 2006). Staining of polytene chromosomes of overexpressing HA-dG9a larvae with antibodies recognizing H3K9 mono-, di-, and trimethyl and H3K27 mono-, di-, and trimethyl did not reveal an increase in any of those six marks (data not shown). We also compared the H3K9 methylation levels between wild-type flies and flies overexpressing HA-dG9a in third instar larvae tissue and could detect a slight increase of H3K9 dimethyl upon HA-dG9a overexpression (Figure 2A); as a positive control, overexpression of 3HA-DmSETDB1 leads to a more evident increase of H3K9 dimethylation (Figure 2A). H3K9 mono- or trimethyl levels are not influenced by the overexpression of dG9a (data not shown). This argues in favor of a role for dG9a in H3K9 methylation in Drosophila. This is consistent with in vitro HMTase assays performed by others, who showed that truncated dG9a can dimethylate H3K9 (MIS et al. 2006; STABELL et al. 2006). In vitro, dG9a was also shown to mono- and trimethylate H3K9 and to methylate H3K27, as well as H4, at K8, K12, or K16 (MIS et al. 2006; STABELL et al. 2006). However, this needs to be confirmed in vivo with the full-length protein, as we could not detect any H3K9 mono- or tri- or H3K27 methyltransferase activity of dG9a in vivo.

Taken together, these results show that dG9a is not essential for viability and fertility and that the absence or overexpression of dG9a does not lead to any change in the H3K9 methylation pattern on third instar larvae polytene chromosomes. In addition, this work shows that dG9a is not redundant with respect to the H3K9 methyltransferases SU(VAR)3-9 and DmSETDB1. However, upon HA-dG9a overexpression, a slight increase in H3K9 dimethylation in third instar larvae tissues suggests a potential function of dG9a in H3K9 methylation that has still to be fully characterized at the spatial, temporal, and functional levels.

We thank Susan Opravil and Thomas Jenuwein for generous gifts of antibodies and Bernard Conrad for comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation and the State of Geneva.

BANNISTER, A. J., P. ZEGERMAN, J. F. PARTRIDGE, E. A. MISKA, J. O. THOMAS et al., 2001 Selective recognition of methylated lysine 9 on histone H3 by the HP1 chromo domain. Nature 410: 120–124.[CrossRef][Medline]

EBERT, A., G. SCHOTTA, S. LEIN, S. KUBICEK, V. KRAUSS et al., 2004 Su(var) genes regulate the balance between euchromatin and heterochromatin in Drosophila. Genes Dev. 18: 2973–2983.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

FELDMAN, N., A. GERSON, J. FANG, E. LI, Y. ZHANG et al., 2006 G9a-mediated irreversible epigenetic inactivation of Oct-3/4 during early embryogenesis. Nat. Cell Biol. 8: 188–194.[CrossRef][Medline]

GONG, W. J., and K. G. GOLIC, 2003 Ends-out, or replacement, gene targeting in Drosophila. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 2556–2561.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

GONG, W. J., and K. G. GOLIC, 2004 Genomic deletions of the Drosophila melanogaster Hsp70 genes. Genetics 168: 1467–1476.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

JACOBS, S. A., S. D. TAVERNA, Y. ZHANG, S. D. BRIGGS, J. LI et al., 2001 Specificity of the HP1 chromo domain for the methylated N-terminus of histone H3. EMBO J. 20: 5232–5241.[CrossRef][Medline]

LACHNER, M., D. O'CARROLL, S. REA, K. MECHTLER and T. JENUWEIN, 2001 Methylation of histone H3 lysine 9 creates a binding site for HP1 proteins. Nature 410: 116–120.[CrossRef][Medline]

MIS, J., S. S. NER and T. A. GRIGLIATTI, 2006 Identification of three histone methyltransferases in Drosophila: dG9a is a suppressor of PEV and is required for gene silencing. Mol. Genet. Genomics 275: 513–526.[CrossRef][Medline]

RICE, J. C., S. D. BRIGGS, B. UEBERHEIDE, C. M. BARBER, J. SHABANOWITZ et al., 2003 Histone methyltransferases direct different degrees of methylation to define distinct chromatin domains. Mol. Cell 12: 1591–1598.[CrossRef][Medline]

ROOPRA, A., R. QAZI, B. SCHOENIKE, T. J. DALEY and J. F. MORRISON, 2004 Localized domains of G9a-mediated histone methylation are required for silencing of neuronal genes. Mol. Cell 14: 727–738.[CrossRef][Medline]

SCHOTTA, G., A. EBERT, V. KRAUSS, A. FISCHER, J. HOFFMANN et al., 2002 Central role of Drosophila SU(VAR)3–9 in histone H3–K9 methylation and heterochromatic gene silencing. EMBO J. 21: 1121–1131.[CrossRef][Medline]

SCHOTTA, G., A. EBERT and G. REUTER, 2003 SU(VAR)3–9 is a conserved key function in heterochromatic gene silencing. Genetica 117: 149–158.[CrossRef][Medline]

SEUM, C., E. REO, H. PENG, F. J. RAUSCHER, III, P. SPIERER et al., 2007 Drosophila SETDB1 is required for chromosome 4 silencing. PLoS Genet. 3: e76.[CrossRef][Medline]

STABELL, M., R. ESKELAND, M. BJORKMO, J. LARSSON, R. B. AALEN et al., 2006 The Drosophila G9a gene encodes a multi-catalytic histone methyltransferase required for normal development. Nucleic Acids Res. 34: 4609–4621.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

TACHIBANA, M., K. SUGIMOTO, T. FUKUSHIMA and Y. SHINKAI, 2001 Set domain-containing protein, G9a, is a novel lysine-preferring mammalian histone methyltransferase with hyperactivity and specific selectivity to lysines 9 and 27 of histone H3. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 9–7.

TACHIBANA, M., K. SUGIMOTO, M. NOZAKI, J. UEDA, T. OHTA et al., 2002 G9a histone methyltransferase plays a dominant role in euchromatic histone H3 lysine 9 methylation and is essential for early embryogenesis. Genes Dev. 16: 1779–1791.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Communicating editor: J. A. BIRCHLER

This article has been cited by other articles:

				B. Brower-Toland, N. C. Riddle, H. Jiang, K. L. Huisinga, and S. C. R. Elgin Multiple SET Methyltransferases Are Required to Maintain Normal Heterochromatin Domains in the Genome of Drosophila melanogaster Genetics, April 1, 2009; 181(4): 1303 - 1319. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

International Access Link

Online ISSN: 1943-2361  Print ISSN: 0016-6731
Copyright 2009 by the Genetics Society of America
phone: 412-268-1812   fax: 412-268-1813   email: genetics-gsa{at}andrew.cmu.edu