NONDISJUNCTION MUTANTS OF THE NEMATODE CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS

Jonathan Hodgkin ¹, H. Robert Horvitz ¹, and Sydney Brenner ¹

¹ M.R.C. Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QH, England

The frequency of males (5AA; XO) among the self progeny of wild-type Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodites (5AA; XX) is about one in 500. Fifteen him (for "high incidence of males") mutations have been identified that increase this frequency by a factor of ten to 150, as a result of increased X-chromosome nondisjunction. The mutations define ten complementation groups, which have been mapped: nine are autosomal, and one sex linked. Most of the mutants are superficially wild type in anatomy and behavior; however, him-4 mutants display gonadal abnormalities, and unc-86 mutants, which have a Him phenotype, exhibit a variety of anatomical and behavioral abnormalities. All the mutants segregate fertile 3X hermaphrodite progeny as well as XO male progeny. Some produce large numbers of inviable zygotes. Mutants in all ten genes produce diplo-X and nullo-X exceptional ova, and in the four strains tested, diplo-X and nullo-X exceptional sperm are produced by 2X "transformed" males. It appears likely that most of the mutants have defects in both gamete lines of the hermaphrodite. XO males of him strains other than him-4 and unc-86 are similar to wild-type males in anatomy and behavior, and all produce equal or almost equal numbers of haplo-X and nullo-X sperm, and no diplo-X sperm. Male fertility is reduced to varying extents in all him mutants. In four of the strains, nondisjunction during oogenesis has been shown to occur at a reductional division, and in three of these strains, abnormalities in recombination have been demonstrated. One mutant also exhibits autosomal nondisjunction, but many of the others probably do not. Therefore, the X chromosome of C. elegans may differ from the autosomes in the mechanisms controlling its meiotic behavior.——3X hermaphrodites are shorter and less fertile than 2X hermaphrodites, and they produce many inviable zygotes among their self progeny: these are probably 4X zygotes. Haplo-X and diplo-X ova are produced in 2:1 ratio by 3X hermaphrodites. him mutations are expressed in these animals, increasing the frequency of self-progeny males and 2X hermaphrodites.

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				J. Nance, A. N. Minniti, C. Sadler, and S. Ward spe-12 Encodes a Sperm Cell Surface Protein That Promotes Spermiogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans Genetics, May 1, 1999; 152(1): 209 - 220. [Abstract] [Full Text]

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				P. D. Baum, C. Guenther, C. A. Frank, B. V. Pham, and G. Garriga The Caenorhabditis elegans gene ham-2 links Hox patterning to migration of the HSN motor neuron Genes & Dev., February 15, 1999; 13(4): 472 - 483. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. Skipper, C. A. Milne, and J. Hodgkin Genetic and Molecular Analysis of fox-1, a Numerator Element Involved in Caenorhabditis elegans Primary Sex Determination Genetics, February 1, 1999; 151(2): 617 - 631. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M.-W. Tan, S. Mahajan-Miklos, and F. M. Ausubel Killing of Caenorhabditis elegans by Pseudomonas aeruginosa used to model mammalian bacterial pathogenesis PNAS, January 19, 1999; 96(2): 715 - 720. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J Yochem, S Tuck, I Greenwald, and M Han A gp330/megalin-related protein is required in the major epidermis of Caenorhabditis elegans for completion of molting Development, January 2, 1999; 126(3): 597 - 606. [Abstract] [PDF]

				G. Wu, E. J. A. Hubbard, J. K. Kitajewski, and I. Greenwald Evidence for functional and physical association between Caenorhabditis elegans SEL-10, a Cdc4p-related protein, and SEL-12 presenilin PNAS, December 22, 1998; 95(26): 15787 - 15791. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. McArdle, T. StC. Allen, and E. A. Bucher Ca2+-dependent Muscle Dysfunction Caused by Mutation of the Caenorhabditis elegans Troponin T-1 Gene J. Cell Biol., November 30, 1998; 143(5): 1201 - 1213. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. M. Rushforth, C. C. White, and P. Anderson Functions of the Caenorhabditis elegans Regulatory Myosin Light Chain Genes mlc-1 and mlc-2 Genetics, November 1, 1998; 150(3): 1067 - 1077. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				K. F. O'Connell, C. M. Leys, and J. G. White A Genetic Screen for Temperature-Sensitive Cell-Division Mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans Genetics, July 1, 1998; 149(3): 1303 - 1321. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D Levitan and I Greenwald LIN-12 protein expression and localization during vulval development in C. elegans Development, January 8, 1998; 125(16): 3101 - 3109. [Abstract] [PDF]

				A Antebi, J. Culotti, and E. Hedgecock daf-12 regulates developmental age and the dauer alternative in Caenorhabditis elegans Development, January 4, 1998; 125(7): 1191 - 1205. [Abstract] [PDF]