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Originally published as Genetics Published Articles Ahead of Print on November 2, 2009.
Genetics, Vol. 183, 1341-1355, December 2009, Copyright © 2009
doi:10.1534/genetics.109.109579
Genetic Evidence for an Essential Oscillation of Transmembrane-Spanning Segment 5 in the Escherichia coli Ammonium Channel AmtB
William B. Inwood, Jason A. Hall, Kwang-Seo Kim, Rebecca Fong1 and Sydney Kustu2
Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
2 Corresponding author: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 111 Koshland Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102.
E-mail: kustu{at}berkeley.edu
Ammonium channels, called Amt or Mep, concentrate 
against a gradient. Each monomer of the trimer has a pore through which substrate passes and a C-terminal cytoplasmic extension. The importance of the C-terminal extension to AmtB activity remains unclear. We have described lesions in conserved C-terminal residues that inactivate AmtB and here characterize 38 intragenic suppressors upstream of the C terminus (
1/3 of total suppressors). Three that occurred repeatedly, including the previously characterized W148L at the pore entry, restored growth at low NH3 to nearly wild-type levels and hence restored high activity. V116L completely restored function to two of the mutant proteins and, when separated from other lesions, did not damage wild-type AmtB. A179E notably altered folding of AmtB, compensated for all inactivating C-terminal lesions, and damaged wild-type AmtB. V116L and A179E lie at the cytoplasmic end of transmembrane-spanning segments (TM) 3 and 5, respectively, and the proximal part of the C-terminal tail makes intimate contacts with the loops following them before crossing to the adjacent monomer. Collectively, the properties of intragenic suppressor strains lead us to postulate that the C-terminal tail facilitates an oscillation of TM 5 that is required for coordinated pore function and high AmtB activity. Movement of TM 5 appears to control the opening of both the periplasmic entry and the cytoplasmic exit to the pore.
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