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Genetics, Vol. 177, 1291-1301, November 2007, Copyright © 2007
doi:10.1534/genetics.107.070862
Conservation of Epigenetic Regulation, ORC Binding and Developmental Timing of DNA Replication Origins in the Genus Drosophila
B. R. Calvi1, B. A. Byrnes and A. J. Kolpakas
Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244
1 Corresponding author: Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 130 College Pl., BRL 703, Syracuse, NY 13244.
E-mail: bcalvi{at}syr.edu
There is much interest in how DNA replication origins are regulated so that the genome is completely duplicated each cell division cycle and in how the division of cells is spatially and temporally integrated with development. In the Drosophila melanogaster ovary, the cell cycle of somatic follicle cells is modified at precise times in oogenesis. Follicle cells first proliferate via a canonical mitotic division cycle and then enter an endocycle, resulting in their polyploidization. They subsequently enter a specialized amplification phase during which only a few, select origins repeatedly initiate DNA replication, resulting in gene copy number increases at several loci important for eggshell synthesis. Here we investigate the importance of these modified cell cycles for oogenesis by determining whether they have been conserved in evolution. We find that their developmental timing has been strictly conserved among Drosophila species that have been separate for 
40 million years of evolution and provide evidence that additional gene loci may be amplified in some species. Further, we find that the acetylation of nucleosomes and Orc2 protein binding at active amplification origins is conserved. Conservation of DNA subsequences within amplification origins from the 12 recently sequenced Drosophila species genomes implicates members of a Myb protein complex in recruiting acetylases to the origin. Our findings suggest that conserved developmental mechanisms integrate egg chamber morphogenesis with cell cycle modifications and the epigenetic regulation of origins.
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