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Originally published as Genetics Published Articles Ahead of Print on March 4, 2007.
Genetics, Vol. 176, 391-402, May 2007, Copyright © 2007
doi:10.1534/genetics.106.068726
Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Photoperiodic Response and Stage of Diapause in the Pitcher-Plant Mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii
Derrick Mathias1, Lucien Jacky2, William E. Bradshaw3 and Christina M. Holzapfel
Center for Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-5289
3 Corresponding author: Center for Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 5289 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-5289.
E-mail: mosquito{at}uoregon.edu.
A wide variety of temperate animals rely on length of day (photoperiodism) to anticipate and prepare for changing seasons by regulating the timing of development, reproduction, dormancy, and migration. Although the molecular basis of circadian rhythms regulating daily activities is well defined, the molecular basis for the photoperiodic regulation of seasonal activities is largely unknown. We use geographic variation in the photoperiodic control of diapause in the pitcher-plant mosquito Wyeomyia smithii to create the first QTL map of photoperiodism in any animal. For critical photoperiod (CPP), we detect QTL that are unique, a QTL that is sex linked, QTL that overlap with QTL for stage of diapause (SOD), and a QTL that interacts epistatically with the circadian rhythm gene, timeless. Results presented here confirm earlier studies concluding that CPP is under directional selection over the climatic gradient of North America and that the evolution of CPP is genetically correlated with SOD. Despite epistasis between timeless and a QTL for CPP, timeless is not located within any detectable QTL, indicating that it plays an ancillary role in the evolution of photoperiodism in W. smithii. Finally, we highlight one region of the genome that includes loci contributing to CPP, SOD, and hormonal regulation of development.
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