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Originally published as Genetics Published Articles Ahead of Print on August 3, 2006.
Genetics, Vol. 174, 575-584, October 2006, Copyright © 2006
doi:10.1534/genetics.106.060889
Repair of DNA Damage Induced by Bile Salts in Salmonella enterica
Ana I. Prieto, Francisco Ramos-Morales and Josep Casadesús1
Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville 41080, Spain
1 Corresponding author: Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1095, Sevilla 41080, Spain.
E-mail: casadesus{at}us.es
Exposure of Salmonella enterica to sodium cholate, sodium deoxycholate, sodium chenodeoxycholate, sodium glychocholate, sodium taurocholate, or sodium glycochenodeoxycholate induces the SOS response, indicating that the DNA-damaging activity of bile resides in bile salts. Bile increases the frequency of GC 
AT transitions and induces the expression of genes belonging to the OxyR and SoxRS regulons, suggesting that bile salts may cause oxidative DNA damage. S. enterica mutants lacking both exonuclease III (XthA) and endonuclease IV (Nfo) are bile sensitive, indicating that S. enterica requires base excision repair (BER) to overcome DNA damage caused by bile salts. Bile resistance also requires DinB polymerase, suggesting the need of SOS-associated translesion DNA synthesis. Certain recombination functions are also required for bile resistance, and a key factor is the RecBCD enzyme. The extreme bile sensitivity of RecB–, RecC–, and RecA– RecD– mutants provides evidence that bile-induced damage may impair DNA replication.
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