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Originally published as Genetics Published Articles Ahead of Print on June 4, 2006.

Genetics, Vol. 174, 179-190, September 2006, Copyright © 2006
doi:10.1534/genetics.106.058156

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Spatial and Temporal Divergence of Expression in Duplicated Barley Germin-Like Protein-Encoding Genes

Maria L. Federico*, Federico L. Iñiguez-Luy*, Ronald W. Skadsen{dagger} and Heidi F. Kaeppler*,1

* Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 and {dagger} United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Crops Research Unit, Madison, Wisconsin 53726

1 Corresponding author: University of Wisconsin, Department of Agronomy, 1575 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706. 
E-mail: hfkaeppl{at}wisc.edu

Subfunctionalization is the process by which a pair of duplicated genes, or paralogs, experiences a reduction of individual expression patterns or function while still reproducing the complete expression pattern and function of the ancestral gene. Two germin-like protein (GLP)-encoding genes, GerB and GerF, are paralogs that belong to a small gene family in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Both genes share high nucleotide sequence similarity in coding and noncoding regions and encode identical apoplastic proteins. The use of RNA gel blots, coupled with single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of RT–PCR products, elucidated the developmental and tissue-specific expression patterns of each gene. Individual expression patterns provided evidence of both overlapping redundancy and early subfunctionalization. GerB is predominantly expressed in developing shoots, while GerF is predominantly expressed in seedling roots, developing spikes, and pericarp/testa. GerF promoter deletion studies located a region (–356/–97) responsible for high promoter activity and showed the ability of GerB and GerF upstream regions to drive gfp expression in coleoptiles, epicarps, and lemma/palea of developing spikes. The observed expression patterns are consistent with proposed roles in plant development and defense mechanisms for this gene family. These roles may explain why redundancy has been selectively maintained in this duplicate gene pair.




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