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Originally published as Genetics Published Articles Ahead of Print on April 28, 2006.
Genetics, Vol. 173, 1389-1395, July 2006, Copyright © 2006
doi:10.1534/genetics.106.059667
Divergence With Gene Flow in Anopheles funestus From the Sudan Savanna of Burkina Faso, West Africa
Andrew P. Michel*,
Olga Grushko*,
Wamdaogo M. Guelbeogo
,
Neil F. Lobo*,
N'Fale Sagnon,
Carlo Costantini
and
Nora J. Besansky*,1
* Center for Tropical Disease Research and Training, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
1 Corresponding author: 317 Life Sciences Bldg., P.O. Box 369, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556.
E-mail: nbesansk{at}nd.edu
Anopheles funestus is a major vector of malaria across Africa. Understanding its complex and nonequilibrium population genetic structure is an important challenge that must be overcome before vector populations can be successfully perturbed for malaria control. Here we examine the role of chromosomal inversions in structuring genetic variation and facilitating divergence in Burkina Faso, West Africa, where two incipient species (chromosomal forms) of A. funestus, defined principally by rearrangements of chromosome 3R, have been hypothesized. Sampling across an 
300-km east–west transect largely contained within the Sudan–Savanna ecoclimatic zone, we analyzed chromosomal inversions, 16 microsatellite loci distributed genomewide, and 834 bp of the mtDNA ND5 gene. Both molecular markers revealed high genetic diversity, nearly all of which was accounted for by within-population differences among individuals, owing to recent population expansion. Across the study area there was no correlation between genetic and geographic distance. Significant genetic differentiation found between chromosomal forms on the basis of microsatellites was not genomewide but could be explained by chromosome 3R alone on the basis of loci inside and near inversions. These data are not compatible with complete reproductive isolation but are consistent with differential introgression and sympatric divergence between the chromosomal forms, facilitated by chromosome 3R inversions.
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