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Originally published as Genetics Published Articles Ahead of Print on July 5, 2005.
Genetics, Vol. 171, 527-543, October 2005, Copyright © 2005
doi:10.1534/genetics.104.038745
Two Hybridization Events Define the Population Structure of Trypanosoma cruzi
Scott J. Westenberger*,
Christian Barnabé
,
David A. Campbell* and
Nancy R. Sturm*,1
* Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 and Centre d'Études sur le Polymorphisme des Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut de Recherche pour le Dévelopement, 34032 Montpellier, France
1 Corresponding author: Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, 609 Charles E. Young Dr. East, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1489.
E-mail: nsturm{at}ucla.edu
Genetic variation in Trypanosoma cruzi is likely a key determinant in transmission and pathogenesis of Chagas disease. We have examined nine loci as markers for the extant T. cruzi strains. Four distinct alleles were found for each locus, corresponding to the sequence classes present in the homozygous discrete typing units (DTUs) I, IIa, IIb, and IIc. The alleles in DTUs IIa and IIc showed a spectrum of polymorphism ranging from DTU I-like to DTU IIb-like, in addition to DTU-specific sequence variation. DTUs IId and IIe were indistinguishable, showing DTU homozygosity at one locus and heterozygosity with DTU IIb and IIc allelic sequences at eight loci. Recombination between the DTU IIb and IIc alleles is evidenced from mosaic polymorphisms. These data imply that two discrete hybridization events resulted in the formation of the current DTUs. We propose a model in which a fusion between ancestral DTU I and IIb strains gave rise to a heterozygous hybrid that homogenized its genome to become the homozygous progenitor of DTUs IIa and IIc. The second hybridization between DTU IIb and IIc strains that generated DTUs IId and IIe resulted in extensive heterozygosity with subsequent recombination of parental genotypes.
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