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Originally published as Genetics Published Articles Ahead of Print on June 8, 2005.
Genetics, Vol. 170, 1633-1652, August 2005, Copyright © 2005
doi:10.1534/genetics.104.040303
Imprinting Capacity of Gamete Lineages in Caenorhabditis elegans
Ky Sha1 and Andrew Fire2
Carnegie Institution of Washington, Department of Embryology, Baltimore, Maryland 21210, Johns Hopkins University, Biology Graduate Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 and Stanford University School of Medicine, Departments of Genetics and Pathology, Stanford, California 94305
2 Corresponding author: Stanford University School of Medicine, Departments of Genetics and Pathology, 300 Pasteur Dr., Lane Bldg. L235, M5324, Stanford, CA 94305-5324.
E-mail: afire{at}stanford.edu
We have observed a gamete-of-origin imprinting effect in C. elegans using a set of GFP reporter transgenes. From a single progenitor line carrying an extrachromosomal unc-54::gfp transgene array, we generated three independent autosomal integrations of the unc-54::gfp transgene. The progenitor line, two of its three integrated derivatives, and a nonrelated unc-119:gfp transgene exhibit an imprinting effect: single-generation transmission of these transgenes through the male germline results in 
1.5- to 2.0-fold greater expression than transmission through the female germline. There is a detectable resetting of the imprint after passage through the opposite germline for a single generation, indicating that the imprinted status of the transgenes is reversible. In cases where the transgene is maintained in either the oocyte lineage or sperm lineage for multiple, consecutive generations, a full reset requires passage through the opposite germline for several generations. Taken together, our results indicate that C. elegans has the ability to imprint chromosomes and that differences in the cell and/or molecular biology of oogenesis and spermatogenesis are manifest in an imprint that can persist in both somatic and germline gene expression for multiple generations.
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