Genetics, Vol. 167, 1791-1799, August 2004, Copyright © 2004
doi:10.1534/genetics.104.026583

Extensive Sex-Specific Nonadditivity of Gene Expression in Drosophila melanogaster

Greg Gibson^*, Rebecca Riley-Berger^*, Larry Harshman, Artyom Kopp, Scott Vacha, Sergey Nuzhdin^** and Marta Wayne^,1

^* Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
Center for Genetics and Development, University of California, Davis, California 95616
Agilent Technologies, Germantown, Maryland 20874
^** Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611

¹ Corresponding author: Department of Zoology, Box 118525, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.
E-mail: mlwayne{at}zoo.ufl.edu

Assessment of the degree to which gene expression is additive and heritable has important implications for understanding the maintenance of variation, adaptation, phenotypic divergence, and the mapping of genotype onto phenotype. We used whole-genome transcript profiling using Agilent long-oligonucleotide microarrays representing 12,017 genes to demonstrate that gene transcription is pervasively nonadditive in Drosophila melanogaster. Comparison of adults of two isogenic lines and their reciprocal F₁ hybrids revealed 5820 genes as significantly different between at least two of the four genotypes in either males or females or across both sexes. Strikingly, while 25% of all genes differ between the two parents, 33% differ between both F₁'s and the parents, averaged across sexes. However, only 5% of genes show overdominance, suggesting that heterosis for expression is rare.

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