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Genetics, Vol. 167, 1341-1360, July 2004, Copyright © 2004
doi:10.1534/genetics.103.019638
Diverse Evolutionary Mechanisms Shape the Type III Effector Virulence Factor Repertoire in the Plant Pathogen Pseudomonas syringae
Laurence Rohmer*,1,
David S. Guttman
and
Jeffery L. Dangl*,
,2
* Department of Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
Curriculum in Genetics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
Department of Botany, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
2 Corresponding author: Department of Biology, Coker Hall, Room 108, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.
E-mail: dangl{at}email.unc.edu
Many gram-negative pathogenic bacteria directly translocate effector proteins into eukaryotic host cells via type III delivery systems. Type III effector proteins are determinants of virulence on susceptible plant hosts; they are also the proteins that trigger specific disease resistance in resistant plant hosts. Evolution of type III effectors is dominated by competing forces: the likely requirement for conservation of virulence function, the avoidance of host defenses, and possible adaptation to new hosts. To understand the evolutionary history of type III effectors in Pseudomonas syringae, we searched for homologs to 44 known or candidate P. syringae type III effectors and two effector chaperones. We examined 24 gene families for distribution among bacterial species, amino acid sequence diversity, and features indicative of horizontal transfer. We assessed the role of diversifying and purifying selection in the evolution of these gene families. While some P. syringae type III effectors were acquired recently, others have evolved predominantly by descent. The majority of codons in most of these genes were subjected to purifying selection, suggesting selective pressure to maintain presumed virulence function. However, members of 7 families had domains subject to diversifying selection.
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