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Corresponding author: Hans Ellegren, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden., hans.ellegren{at}ebc.uu.se (E-mail)
Communicating editor: N. A. JENKINS
W = 5.8 ± 0.8 x 103) and one every 156 bp on the Z chromosome (
W = 1.4 ± 0.4 x 103). This difference may in part be due to a low male effective population size arising from skewed reproductive success among males, evident both in the wild ancestorthe red jungle fowland in poultry breeding. However, this effect cannot entirely explain the observed three- to fourfold reduction in Z chromosome diversity. Selection, in particular selective sweeps, may therefore have had an impact on reducing variation on the Z chromosome, a hypothesis supported by the observation of heterogeneity in diversity levels among loci on the Z chromosome and the lower recombination rate on Z than on autosomes. Selection on sex-linked genes may be particularly important in organisms with female heterogamety since the heritability of sex-linked sexually antagonistic alleles advantageous to males is improved when fathers pass a Z chromosome to their sons.
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