Genetics, Vol. 164, 1511-1518, August 2003, Copyright © 2003

Low Nucleotide Diversity in Chimpanzees and Bonobos

Ning Yua, Michael I. Jensen-Seamana, Leona Chemnickb, Judith R. Kiddc, Amos S. Deinardd, Oliver Ryderb, Kenneth K. Kiddc, and Wen-Hsiung Lia
a Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637,
b Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species, Zoological Society of San Diego, San Diego, California 92101,
c Department of Human Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8005
d School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, California 95616

Corresponding author: Wen-Hsiung Li, University of Chicago, 1101 E. 57th St., Chicago, IL 60637., whli{at}uchicago.edu (E-mail)

Communicating editor: N. TAKAHATA

Comparison of the levels of nucleotide diversity in humans and apes may provide much insight into the mechanisms of maintenance of DNA polymorphism and the demographic history of these organisms. In the past, abundant mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymorphism data indicated that nucleotide diversity ({pi}) is more than threefold higher in chimpanzees than in humans. Furthermore, it has recently been claimed, on the basis of limited data, that this is also true for nuclear DNA. In this study we sequenced 50 noncoding, nonrepetitive DNA segments randomly chosen from the nuclear genome in 9 bonobos and 17 chimpanzees. Surprisingly, the {pi} value for bonobos is only 0.078%, even somewhat lower than that (0.088%) for humans for the same 50 segments. The {pi} values are 0.092, 0.130, and 0.082% for East, Central, and West African chimpanzees, respectively, and 0.132% for all chimpanzees. These values are similar to or at most only 1.5 times higher than that for humans. The much larger difference in mtDNA diversity than in nuclear DNA diversity between humans and chimpanzees is puzzling. We speculate that it is due mainly to a reduction in effective population size (Ne) in the human lineage after the human-chimpanzee divergence, because a reduction in Ne has a stronger effect on mtDNA diversity than on nuclear DNA diversity.




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