Quantitative Trait Loci Affecting Components of Wing Shape in Drosophila melanogaster

Corresponding author: Greg Gibson, Department of Genetics, Gardner Hall, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614., ggibson{at}unity.ncsu.edu (E-mail)

Communicating editor: L. PARTRIDGE

Two composite multiple regression-interval mapping analyses were performed to identify candidate quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting components of wing shape in Drosophila melanogaster defined by eight relative warp-based measures. A recombinant inbred line design was used to map QTL for the shape of two intervein regions in the anterior compartment of the wing, using a high resolution map of retrotransposon insertion sites between Oregon-R and Russian 2b. A total of 35 QTL representing up to 23 different loci were identified, many of which are located near components of the epidermal growth factor-Ras signal transduction pathway that regulates vein vs. intervein decision making and vein placement. Over one-half of the loci were detected in both sexes, and just under one-half were detected at two different growth temperatures. Different loci were found to affect aspects of shape in each intervein region, confirming that the shape of the whole wing should be regarded as a compound trait composed of several developmental units. In addition, a reciprocal backcross design was used to map QTL affecting shape in the posterior compartment of the wings of 831 flies, using a molecular map of 16 allele-specific oligohybridization single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers between two divergent inbred lines. A total of 13 QTL were detected and shown to have generally additive effects on separable components of shape, in both sexes. By contrast, 8 QTL that affected wing size in these backcrosses were nearly dominant in their effects. The results confirm at the genetic level that wing shape is regulated independent of wing size and set up the hypothesis that wing shape is regulated in part through the regulation of the length and positioning of wing veins, involving quantitative regulation of the activity of secreted growth factors.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				A. O. Bergland, A. Genissel, S. V. Nuzhdin, and M. Tatar Quantitative Trait Loci Affecting Phenotypic Plasticity and the Allometric Relationship of Ovariole Number and Thorax Length in Drosophila melanogaster Genetics, September 1, 2008; 180(1): 567 - 582. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. E. Weber, R. J. Greenspan, D. R. Chicoine, K. Fiorentino, M. H. Thomas, and T. L. Knight Microarray Analysis of Replicate Populations Selected Against a Wing-Shape Correlation in Drosophila melanogaster Genetics, February 1, 2008; 178(2): 1093 - 1108. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Kimura, A. Shimada, N. Sakai, H. Mitani, K. Naruse, H. Takeda, H. Inoko, G. Tamiya, and M. Shinya Genetic Analysis of Craniofacial Traits in the Medaka Genetics, December 1, 2007; 177(4): 2379 - 2388. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Dworkin and G. Gibson Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Transforming Growth Factor-{beta} Signaling Contributes to Variation for Wing Shape in Drosophila melanogaster Genetics, July 1, 2006; 173(3): 1417 - 1431. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. P. Klingenberg and L. R. Monteiro Distances and Directions in Multidimensional Shape Spaces: Implications for Morphometric Applications Syst Biol, August 1, 2005; 54(4): 678 - 688. [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. B. Langlade, X. Feng, T. Dransfield, L. Copsey, A. I. Hanna, C. Thebaud, A. Bangham, A. Hudson, and E. Coen Evolution through genetically controlled allometry space PNAS, July 19, 2005; 102(29): 10221 - 10226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. G. Mezey, D. Houle, and S. V. Nuzhdin Naturally Segregating Quantitative Trait Loci Affecting Wing Shape of Drosophila melanogaster Genetics, April 1, 2005; 169(4): 2101 - 2113. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Dworkin, A. Palsson, and G. Gibson Replication of an Egfr-Wing Shape Association in a Wild-Caught Cohort of Drosophila melanogaster Genetics, April 1, 2005; 169(4): 2115 - 2125. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Weber, N. Johnson, D. Champlin, and A. Patty Many P-Element Insertions Affect Wing Shape in Drosophila melanogaster Genetics, March 1, 2005; 169(3): 1461 - 1475. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Gibson, R. Riley-Berger, L. Harshman, A. Kopp, S. Vacha, S. Nuzhdin, and M. Wayne Extensive Sex-Specific Nonadditivity of Gene Expression in Drosophila melanogaster Genetics, August 1, 2004; 167(4): 1791 - 1799. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Palsson and G. Gibson Association Between Nucleotide Variation in Egfr and Wing Shape in Drosophila melanogaster Genetics, July 1, 2004; 167(3): 1187 - 1198. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. J. Hlusko Integrating the genotype and phenotype in hominid paleontology PNAS, March 2, 2004; 101(9): 2653 - 2657. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Tripodis and P. Demant Genetic Analysis of Three-dimensional Shape of Mouse Lung Tumors Reveals Eight Lung Tumor Shape-Determining (Ltsd) Loci That Are Associated with Tumor Heterogeneity and Symmetry Cancer Res., January 1, 2003; 63(1): 125 - 131. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Gadau, R. E. Page, and J. H. Werren The Genetic Basis of the Interspecific Differences in Wing Size in Nasonia (Hymenoptera; Pteromalidae): Major Quantitative Trait Loci and Epistasis Genetics, June 1, 2002; 161(2): 673 - 684. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. S. Workman, L. J. Leamy, E. J. Routman, and J. M. Cheverud Analysis of Quantitative Trait Locus Effects on the Size and Shape of Mandibular Molars in Mice Genetics, April 1, 2002; 160(4): 1573 - 1586. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Weber, R. Eisman, S. Higgins, L. Morey, A. Patty, M. Tausek, and Z.-B. Zeng An Analysis of Polygenes Affecting Wing Shape on Chromosome 2 in Drosophila melanogaster Genetics, November 1, 2001; 159(3): 1045 - 1057. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. C. Phillips, M. C. Whitlock, and K. Fowler Inbreeding Changes the Shape of the Genetic Covariance Matrix in Drosophila melanogaster Genetics, July 1, 2001; 158(3): 1137 - 1145. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. P. Klingenberg, L. J. Leamy, E. J. Routman, and J. M. Cheverud Genetic Architecture of Mandible Shape in Mice: Effects of Quantitative Trait Loci Analyzed by Geometric Morphometrics Genetics, February 1, 2001; 157(2): 785 - 802. [Abstract] [Full Text]