Genetic Analysis of the Shared Role of CLN3 and BCK2 at the G₁-S Transition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Corresponding author: Bruce Futcher, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Rd., Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724., futcher{at}cshl.org (E-mail)

Communicating editor: A. P. MITCHELL

The transcription complexes SBF and MBF mediate the G₁-S transition in the cell cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In late G₁, SBF and MBF induce a burst of transcription in a number of genes, including G₁- and S-phase cyclins. Activation of SBF and MBF depends on the G₁ cyclin Cln3 and a largely uncharacterized protein called Bck2. We show here that the induction of SBF/MBF target genes by Bck2 depends partly, but not wholly, on SBF and MBF. Unlike Cln3, Bck2 is capable of inducing its transcriptional targets in the absence of functional Cdc28. Our results revealed promoter-specific mechanisms of regulation by Cln3, Bck2, SBF, and MBF. We isolated high-copy suppressors of the cln3 bck2 growth defect; all of these had the ability to increase CLN2 expression. One of these suppressors was the negative regulator of meiosis RME1. Rme1 induces CLN2, and we show that it has a haploid-specific role in regulating cell size and pheromone sensitivity. Genetic analysis of the cln3 bck2 defect showed that CLN1, CLN2, and other SBF/MBF target genes have an essential role in addition to the degradation of Sic1.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				A. Manukyan, J. Zhang, U. Thippeswamy, J. Yang, N. Zavala, M. P. Mudannayake, M. Asmussen, C. Schneider, and B. L. Schneider Ccr4 Alters Cell Size in Yeast by Modulating the Timing of CLN1 and CLN2 Expression Genetics, May 1, 2008; 179(1): 345 - 357. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Ashe, R. A. M. de Bruin, T. Kalashnikova, W. H. McDonald, J. R. Yates III, and C. Wittenberg The SBF- and MBF-associated Protein Msa1 Is Required for Proper Timing of G1-specific Transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae J. Biol. Chem., March 7, 2008; 283(10): 6040 - 6049. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. A. Bernstein, F. Bleichert, J. M. Bean, F. R. Cross, and S. J. Baserga Ribosome Biogenesis Is Sensed at the Start Cell Cycle Checkpoint Mol. Biol. Cell, March 1, 2007; 18(3): 953 - 964. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Jiang Regulation of the Cell Cycle by Protein Phosphatase 2A in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., June 1, 2006; 70(2): 440 - 449. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. E. Levin Cell Wall Integrity Signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., June 1, 2005; 69(2): 262 - 291. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Bachewich and M. Whiteway Cyclin Cln3p Links G1 Progression to Hyphal and Pseudohyphal Development in Candida albicans Eukaryot. Cell, January 1, 2005; 4(1): 95 - 102. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Flick and C. Wittenberg Multiple Pathways for Suppression of Mutants Affecting G1-Specific Transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Genetics, January 1, 2005; 169(1): 37 - 49. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. L. Schneider, J. Zhang, J. Markwardt, G. Tokiwa, T. Volpe, S. Honey, and B. Futcher Growth Rate and Cell Size Modulate the Synthesis of, and Requirement for, G1-Phase Cyclins at Start Mol. Cell. Biol., December 15, 2004; 24(24): 10802 - 10813. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Pathak, L. M. Bogomolnaya, J. Guo, and M. Polymenis Gid8p (Dcr1p) and Dcr2p Function in a Common Pathway To Promote START Completion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Eukaryot. Cell, December 1, 2004; 3(6): 1627 - 1638. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Jorgensen, I. Rupes, J. R. Sharom, L. Schneper, J. R. Broach, and M. Tyers A dynamic transcriptional network communicates growth potential to ribosome synthesis and critical cell size Genes & Dev., October 15, 2004; 18(20): 2491 - 2505. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Queralt and J. C. Igual Functional Distinction Between Cln1p and Cln2p Cyclins in the Control of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mitotic Cycle Genetics, September 1, 2004; 168(1): 129 - 140. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. C. Chen, L. Calzone, A. Csikasz-Nagy, F. R. Cross, B. Novak, and J. J. Tyson Integrative Analysis of Cell Cycle Control in Budding Yeast Mol. Biol. Cell, August 1, 2004; 15(8): 3841 - 3862. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Geymonat, A. Spanos, G. P. Wells, S. J. Smerdon, and S. G. Sedgwick Clb6/Cdc28 and Cdc14 Regulate Phosphorylation Status and Cellular Localization of Swi6 Mol. Cell. Biol., March 15, 2004; 24(6): 2277 - 2285. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. L. Laabs, D. D. Markwardt, M. G. Slattery, L. L. Newcomb, D. J. Stillman, and W. Heideman ACE2 is required for daughter cell-specific G1 delay in Saccharomyces cerevisiae PNAS, September 2, 2003; 100(18): 10275 - 10280. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Sreenivasan, A. C. Bishop, K. M. Shokat, and D. R. Kellogg Specific Inhibition of Elm1 Kinase Activity Reveals Functions Required for Early G1 Events Mol. Cell. Biol., September 1, 2003; 23(17): 6327 - 6337. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Costanzo, O. Schub, and B. Andrews G1 Transcription Factors Are Differentially Regulated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the Swi6-Binding Protein Stb1 Mol. Cell. Biol., July 15, 2003; 23(14): 5064 - 5077. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. L. Newcomb, J. A. Diderich, M. G. Slattery, and W. Heideman Glucose Regulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cell Cycle Genes Eukaryot. Cell, February 1, 2003; 2(1): 143 - 149. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. A. Davis, V. M. Bruno, L. Loza, S. G. Filler, and A. P. Mitchell Candida albicans Mds3p, a Conserved Regulator of pH Responses and Virulence Identified Through Insertional Mutagenesis Genetics, December 1, 2002; 162(4): 1573 - 1581. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. M. Deutschbauer, R. M. Williams, A. M. Chu, and R. W. Davis Parallel phenotypic analysis of sporulation and postgermination growth in Saccharomycescerevisiae PNAS, November 26, 2002; 99(24): 15530 - 15535. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Jorgensen, J. L. Nishikawa, B.-J. Breitkreutz, and M. Tyers Systematic Identification of Pathways That Couple Cell Growth and Division in Yeast Science, July 19, 2002; 297(5580): 395 - 400. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Wijnen, A. Landman, and B. Futcher The G1 Cyclin Cln3 Promotes Cell Cycle Entry via the Transcription Factor Swi6 Mol. Cell. Biol., June 15, 2002; 22(12): 4402 - 4418. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. L. Newcomb, D. D. Hall, and W. Heideman AZF1 Is a Glucose-Dependent Positive Regulator of CLN3 Transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mol. Cell. Biol., March 1, 2002; 22(5): 1607 - 1614. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Gari, T. Volpe, H. Wang, C. Gallego, B. Futcher, and M. Aldea Whi3 binds the mRNA of the G1 cyclin CLN3 to modulate cell fate in budding yeast Genes & Dev., November 1, 2001; 15(21): 2803 - 2808. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Z. A. Zimmerman and D. R. Kellogg The Sda1 Protein Is Required for Passage through Start Mol. Biol. Cell, January 1, 2001; 12(1): 201 - 219. [Abstract] [Full Text]