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Genetics, Vol. 151, 617-631, February 1999, Copyright © 1999

Genetic and Molecular Analysis of fox-1, a Numerator Element Involved in Caenorhabditis elegans Primary Sex Determination

Magdalena Skippera, Catherine A. Milnea, and Jonathan Hodgkina
a Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 2QH, England

Corresponding author: Jonathan Hodgkin, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Rd., Cambridge, CB2 2QH, England., jah{at}mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk (E-mail)

Communicating editor: R. K. HERMAN

fox-1 was previously identified as a candidate numerator element based on its overexpression phenotype. FOX-1 is an RRM-type RNA-binding protein, which can bind RNAs in vitro. Western analysis detects FOX-1 throughout development. fox-1::lacZ comes on ubiquitously early during embryogenesis. Postembryonically, fox-1::lacZ is expressed sex specifically in a subset of cells in the head and tail. We describe a Tc1-derived deletion allele [fox-1({Delta})] that removes the RRM domain. fox-1({Delta}) confers no phenotype in XXs, but can rescue XO-specific lethality and feminization caused by duplications of the left end of the X. fox-1({Delta}) synergizes with putative numerators, resulting in abnormal XX development. Genetic analysis indicated that fox-1({Delta}) leads to a slight increase in xol-1 activity, while fox-1(gf) leads to partial loss of xol-1 activity, and xol-1 is epistatic to fox-1. RNase protection experiments revealed increased levels of the 2.2-kb xol-1 message in fox-1({Delta}) animals, and reduced levels in fox-1(gf) animals. Additionally, fox-1({Delta}) impairs male mating efficiency, which, we propose, represents another function of fox-1, independent of xol-1 and its role in sex determination.




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