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Genetic Variation and Phylogeography of Central Asian and Other House Mice, Including a Major New Mitochondrial Lineage in Yemen
Ellen M. Pragera, Cristián Orregob,c, and Richard D. Saged,ea Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3202,
b Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3160,
c Conservation Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California 94132-1722,
d Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
e Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
Corresponding author: Ellen M. Prager, Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132-1722., emprager{at}sfsu.edu (E-mail).
Communicating editor: W. F. EANES
p53) were amplified from many of these mice and from others collected elsewhere in Eurasia and North Africa. The 251 mtDNA types, including 54 new ones reported here, now identified from commensal house mice (Mus musculus group) by sequencing this segment can be organized into four major lineages—domesticus, musculus, castaneus, and a new lineage found in Yemen. Evolutionary tree analysis suggested the domesticus mtDNAs as the sister group to the other three commensal mtDNA lineages and the Yemeni mtDNAs as the next oldest lineage. Using this tree and the phylogeographic approach, we derived a new model for the origin and radiation of commensal house mice whose main features are an origin in west-central Asia (within the present-day range of M. domesticus) and the sequential spreading of mice first to the southern Arabian Peninsula, thence eastward and northward into south-central Asia, and later from south-central Asia to north-central Asia (and thence into most of northern Eurasia) and to southeastern Asia. Y chromosomes with and without an 18-bp deletion in the Zfy-2 gene were detected among mice from Iran and Afghanistan, while only undeleted Ys were found in Turkey, Yemen, Pakistan, and Nepal. Polymorphism for the presence of a p53 was observed in Georgia, Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. Sequencing of a 128-bp p53 segment from 79 commensal mice revealed 12 variable sites and implicated 
14 alleles. The allele that appeared to be phylogenetically ancestral was widespread, and the greatest diversity was observed in Turkey, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nepal. Two mice provided evidence for a second p53 locus in some commensal populations.
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