Genetic Characterization and Cloning of Mothers against dpp, a Gene Required for decapentaplegic Function in Drosophila melanogaster

INVESTIGATIONS

Genetic Characterization and Cloning of Mothers against dpp, a Gene Required for decapentaplegic Function in Drosophila melanogaster

J. J. Sekelsky, S. J. Newfeld, L. A. Raftery, E. H. Chartoff and W. M. Gelbart
Present address: Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616.

The decapentaplegic (dpp) gene of Drosophila melanogaster encodes a growth factor that belongs to the transforming growth factor-{beta} (TGF-{beta}) superfamily and that plays a central role in multiple cell-cell signaling events throughout development. Through genetic screens we are seeking to identify other functions that act upstream, downstream or in concert with dpp to mediate its signaling role. We report here the genetic characterization and cloning of Mothers against dpp (Mad), a gene identified in two such screens. Mad loss-of-function mutations interact with dpp alleles to enhance embryonic dorsal-ventral patterning defects, as well as adult appendage defects, suggesting a role for Mad in mediating some aspect of dpp function. In support of this, homozygous Mad mutant animals exhibit defects in midgut morphogenesis, imaginal disk development and embryonic dorsal-ventral patterning that are very reminiscent of dpp mutant phenotypes. We cloned the Mad region and identified the Mad transcription unit through germline transformation rescue. We sequenced a Mad cDNA and identified three Mad point mutations that alter the coding information. The predicted MAD polypeptide lacks known protein motifs, but has strong sequence similarity to three polypeptides predicted from genomic sequence from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Hence, MAD is a member of a novel, highly conserved protein family.

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				A. K. Kamaraju and A. B. Roberts Role of Rho/ROCK and p38 MAP Kinase Pathways in Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}-mediated Smad-dependent Growth Inhibition of Human Breast Carcinoma Cells in Vivo J. Biol. Chem., January 14, 2005; 280(2): 1024 - 1036. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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				C. A. Hyman, L. Bartholin, S. J. Newfeld, and D. Wotton Drosophila TGIF Proteins Are Transcriptional Activators Mol. Cell. Biol., December 15, 2003; 23(24): 9262 - 9274. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y.-Y. Liang, X. Lin, M. Liang, F. C. Brunicardi, P. t. Dijke, Z. Chen, K.-W. Choi, and X.-H. Feng dSmurf Selectively Degrades Decapentaplegic-activated MAD, and Its Overexpression Disrupts Imaginal Disc Development J. Biol. Chem., July 11, 2003; 278(29): 26307 - 26310. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C.-H. Zhu and T. Xie Clonal expansion of ovarian germline stem cells during niche formation in Drosophila Development, June 15, 2003; 130(12): 2579 - 2588. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Chai, Y. Ito, and J. Han TGF-{beta} SIGNALINGANDITS FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCEIN REGULATINGTHE FATEOF CRANIAL NEURAL CREST CELLS Crit. Rev. Oral. Biol. Med., March 1, 2003; 14(2): 78 - 88. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				H. W. Schnaper, T. Hayashida, S. C. Hubchak, and A.-C. Poncelet TGF-beta signal transduction and mesangial cell fibrogenesis Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, February 1, 2003; 284(2): F243 - F252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Chang, C. W. Brown, and M. M. Matzuk Genetic Analysis of the Mammalian Transforming Growth Factor-{beta} Superfamily Endocr. Rev., December 1, 2002; 23(6): 787 - 823. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Bessa, B. Gebelein, F. Pichaud, F. Casares, and R. S. Mann Combinatorial control of Drosophila eye development by Eyeless, Homothorax, and Teashirt Genes & Dev., September 15, 2002; 16(18): 2415 - 2427. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Xu, J. Oakley, and E. A. McGee Stage-Specific Expression of Smad2 and Smad3 During Folliculogenesis Biol Reprod, June 1, 2002; 66(6): 1571 - 1578. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. W. Schnaper, T. Hayashida, and A.-C. Poncelet It's a Smad World: Regulation of TGF-{beta} Signaling in the Kidney J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., April 1, 2002; 13(4): 1126 - 1128. [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Tomic, S.G. Brodie, C. Deng, R.J. Hickey, J.K. Babus, L.H. Malkas, and J.A. Flaws Smad 3 May Regulate Follicular Growth in the Mouse Ovary Biol Reprod, April 1, 2002; 66(4): 917 - 923. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Gruendler, Y. Lin, J. Farley, and T. Wang Proteasomal Degradation of Smad1 Induced by Bone Morphogenetic Proteins J. Biol. Chem., November 30, 2001; 276(49): 46533 - 46543. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Decotto and E. L. Ferguson A positive role for Short gastrulation in modulating BMP signaling during dorsoventral patterning in the Drosophila embryo Development, October 1, 2001; 128(19): 3831 - 3841. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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				M. A. Su, R. G. Wisotzkey, and S. J. Newfeld A Screen for Modifiers of decapentaplegic Mutant Phenotypes Identifies lilliputian, the Only Member of the Fragile-X/Burkitt's Lymphoma Family of Transcription Factors in Drosophila melanogaster Genetics, February 1, 2001; 157(2): 717 - 725. [Abstract] [Full Text]

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