Efficient Recovery of ENU-Induced Mutations From the Zebrafish Germline

INVESTIGATIONS

Efficient Recovery of ENU-Induced Mutations From the Zebrafish Germline

L. Solnica-Krezel, A. F. Schier and W. Driever
Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129

We studied the efficiency with which two chemical mutagens, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) can induce mutations at different stages of spermatogenesis in zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio). Both EMS and ENU induced mutations at high rates in post-meiotic germ cells, as indicated by the incidence of F(1) progeny mosaic for the albino mutation. For pre-meiotic germ cells, however, only ENU was found to be an effective mutagen, as indicated by the frequencies of non-mosaic mutant progeny at four different pigmentation loci. Several mutagenic regimens that varied in either the number of treatments or the concentration of ENU were studied to achieve an optimal ratio between the mutagenicity and toxicity. For the two most mutagenic regimens: 4 X 1 hr in 3 mM ENU and 6 X 1 hr in 3 mM ENU, the minimum estimate of frequencies of independent mutations per locus per gamete was 0.9-1.3 X 10(-3). We demonstrate that embryonic lethal mutations induced with ENU were transmitted to offspring and that they could be recovered in an F(2) screen. An average frequency of specific-locus mutations of 1.1 X 10(-3) corresponded to approximately 1.7 embryonic lethal mutations per single mutagenized genome. The high rates of mutations achievable with ENU allow for rapid identification of large numbers of genes involved in a variety of aspects of zebrafish development.

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				Y. Kawakami, C. Rodriguez Esteban, M. Raya, H. Kawakami, M. Marti, I. Dubova, and J. C. Izpisua Belmonte Wnt/beta-catenin signaling regulates vertebrate limb regeneration Genes & Dev., December 1, 2006; 20(23): 3232 - 3237. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L. Moore, L. M. Rush, C. Breneman, M.-A. P. K. Mohideen, and K. C. Cheng Zebrafish Genomic Instability Mutants and Cancer Susceptibility Genetics, October 1, 2006; 174(2): 585 - 600. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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				C. E. Burns, D. Traver, E. Mayhall, J. L. Shepard, and L. I. Zon Hematopoietic stem cell fate is established by the Notch-Runx pathway Genes & Dev., October 1, 2005; 19(19): 2331 - 2342. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L. Shepard, J. F. Amatruda, H. M. Stern, A. Subramanian, D. Finkelstein, J. Ziai, K. R. Finley, K. L. Pfaff, C. Hersey, Y. Zhou, et al. A zebrafish bmyb mutation causes genome instability and increased cancer susceptibility PNAS, September 13, 2005; 102(37): 13194 - 13199. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Thattaliyath, M. Cykowski, and P. Jagadeeswaran Young thrombocytes initiate the formation of arterial thrombi in zebrafish Blood, July 1, 2005; 106(1): 118 - 124. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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				H. Wada, M. Iwasaki, T. Sato, I. Masai, Y. Nishiwaki, H. Tanaka, A. Sato, Y. Nojima, and H. Okamoto Dual roles of zygotic and maternal Scribble1 in neural migration and convergent extension movements in zebrafish embryos Development, May 15, 2005; 132(10): 2273 - 2285. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. P. Wilm and L. Solnica-Krezel Essential roles of a zebrafish prdm1/blimp1 homolog in embryo patterning and organogenesis Development, January 15, 2005; 132(2): 393 - 404. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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				B. Geldziler, P. Kadandale, and A. Singson Molecular genetic approaches to studying fertilization in model systems Reproduction, April 1, 2004; 127(4): 409 - 416. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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				B. Ciruna, G. Weidinger, H. Knaut, B. Thisse, C. Thisse, E. Raz, and A. F. Schier Production of maternal-zygotic mutant zebrafish by germ-line replacement PNAS, November 12, 2002; 99(23): 14919 - 14924. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. C. Yelick and T. F. Schilling MOLECULAR DISSECTION OF CRANIOFACIAL DEVELOPMENT USING ZEBRAFISH Crit. Rev. Oral. Biol. Med., July 1, 2002; 13(4): 308 - 322. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				H. A. Nash In vivo genetics of anaesthetic action Br. J. Anaesth., July 1, 2002; 89(1): 143 - 155. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. E. Erter, T. P. Wilm, N. Basler, C. V. E. Wright, and L. Solnica-Krezel Wnt8 is required in lateral mesendodermal precursors for neural posteriorization in vivo Development, September 15, 2001; 128(18): 3571 - 3583. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. M. Topczewska, J. Topczewski, A. Shostak, T. Kume, L. Solnica-Krezel, and B. L.M. Hogan The winged helix transcription factor Foxc1a is essential for somitogenesis in zebrafish Genes & Dev., September 15, 2001; 15(18): 2483 - 2493. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]