Identification of Genes Required for Normal Pheromone-Induced Cell Polarization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

INVESTIGATIONS

Identification of Genes Required for Normal Pheromone-Induced Cell Polarization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

J. Chenevert, N. Valtz and I. Herskowitz
Present address: Station Zoologique, URA 671 CNRS, Villefranche-surmer, 06230 France.

In response to mating pheromones, cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae adopt a polarized ``shmoo'' morphology, in which the cytoskeleton and proteins involved in mating are localized to a cell-surface projection. This polarization is presumed to reflect the oriented morphogenesis that occurs between mating partners to facilitate cell and nuclear fusion. To identify genes involved in pheromone-induced cell polarization, we have isolated mutants defective in mating to an enfeebled partner and studied a subset of these mutants. The 34 mutants of interest are proficient for pheromone production, arrest in response to pheromone, mate to wild-type strains, and exhibit normal cell polarity during vegetative growth. The mutants were divided into classes based on their morphological responses to mating pheromone. One class is unable to localize cell-surface growth in response to mating factor and instead enlarges in a uniform manner. These mutants harbor special alleles of genes required for cell polarization during vegetative growth, BEM1 and CDC24. Another class of mutants forms bilobed, peanut-like shapes when treated with pheromone and defines two genes, PEA1 and PEA2. PEA1 is identical to SPA2. A third class forms normally shaped but tiny shmoos and defines the gene TNY1. A final group of mutants exhibits apparently normal shmoo morphology. The nature of their mating defect is yet to be determined. We discuss the possible roles of these gene products in establishing cell polarity during mating.

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				N.-N. Zhang, D. D. Dudgeon, S. Paliwal, A. Levchenko, E. Grote, and K. W. Cunningham Multiple Signaling Pathways Regulate Yeast Cell Death during the Response to Mating Pheromones Mol. Biol. Cell, August 1, 2006; 17(8): 3409 - 3422. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Z. Hu, B. Potthoff, C. P. Hollenberg, and M. Ramezani-Rad Mdy2, a ubiquitin-like (UBL)-domain protein, is required for efficient mating in Saccharomyces cerevisiae J. Cell Sci., January 15, 2006; 119(2): 326 - 338. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L. Shih, S. L. Reck-Peterson, R. Newitt, M. S. Mooseker, R. Aebersold, and I. Herskowitz Cell Polarity Protein Spa2P Associates With Proteins Involved In Actin Function In Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Mol. Biol. Cell, October 1, 2005; 16(10): 4595 - 4608. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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				D. Matheos, M. Metodiev, E. Muller, D. Stone, and M. D. Rose Pheromone-induced polarization is dependent on the Fus3p MAPK acting through the formin Bni1p J. Cell Biol., April 12, 2004; 165(1): 99 - 109. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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				B. Nelson, A. B. Parsons, M. Evangelista, K. Schaefer, K. Kennedy, S. Ritchie, T. L. Petryshen, and C. Boone Fus1p Interacts With Components of the Hog1p Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Cdc42p Morphogenesis Signaling Pathways to Control Cell Fusion During Yeast Mating Genetics, January 1, 2004; 166(1): 67 - 77. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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				A. F. Roth, B. Nelson, C. Boone, and N. G. Davis Asg7p-Ste3p Inhibition of Pheromone Signaling: Regulation of the Zygotic Transition to Vegetative Growth Mol. Cell. Biol., December 1, 2000; 20(23): 8815 - 8825. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. Heiman and Walter Prm1p, a Pheromone-regulated Multispanning Membrane Protein, Facilitates Plasma Membrane Fusion during Yeast Mating J. Cell Biol., October 30, 2000; 151(3): 719 - 730. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. R. DeMattei, C. P. Davis, and J. B. Konopka Point Mutations Identify a Conserved Region of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae AFR1 Gene That Is Essential for Both the Pheromone Signaling and Morphogenesis Functions Genetics, May 1, 2000; 155(1): 43 - 55. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				D Pruyne and A Bretscher Polarization of cell growth in yeast. I. Establishment and maintenance of polarity states J. Cell Sci., January 2, 2000; 113(3): 365 - 375. [Abstract] [PDF]

				M. C. Lorenz, N. S. Cutler, and J. Heitman Characterization of Alcohol-induced Filamentous Growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mol. Biol. Cell, January 1, 2000; 11(1): 183 - 199. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				D. I. Johnson Cdc42: An Essential Rho-Type GTPase Controlling Eukaryotic Cell Polarity Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., March 1, 1999; 63(1): 54 - 105. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. D. Mendenhall and A. E. Hodge Regulation of Cdc28 Cyclin-Dependent Protein Kinase Activity during the Cell Cycle of the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., December 1, 1998; 62(4): 1191 - 1243. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. C. Gustin, J. Albertyn, M. Alexander, and K. Davenport MAP Kinase Pathways in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., December 1, 1998; 62(4): 1264 - 1300. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Butty, P. M. Pryciak, L. S. Huang, I. Herskowitz, and M. Peter The Role of Far1p in Linking the Heterotrimeric G Protein to Polarity Establishment Proteins During Yeast Mating Science, November 20, 1998; 282(5393): 1511 - 1516. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				L. Elia and L. Marsh A Role for a Protease in Morphogenic Responses during Yeast Cell Fusion J. Cell Biol., September 21, 1998; 142(6): 1473 - 1485. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y.-J. Sheu, B. Santos, N. Fortin, C. Costigan, and M. Snyder Spa2p Interacts with Cell Polarity Proteins and Signaling Components Involved in Yeast Cell Morphogenesis Mol. Cell. Biol., July 1, 1998; 18(7): 4053 - 4069. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				J. Kim and J. P. Hirsch A Nucleolar Protein That Affects Mating Efficiency in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Altering the Morphological Response to Pheromone Genetics, June 1, 1998; 149(2): 795 - 805. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. E. Gammie, V. Brizzio, and M. D. Rose Distinct Morphological Phenotypes of Cell Fusion Mutants Mol. Biol. Cell, June 1, 1998; 9(6): 1395 - 1410. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				S. Erdman, L. Lin, M. Malczynski, and M. Snyder Pheromone-regulated Genes Required for Yeast Mating Differentiation J. Cell Biol., February 9, 1998; 140(3): 461 - 483. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T Roemer, L Vallier, Y. Sheu, and M Snyder The Spa2-related protein, Sph1p, is important for polarized growth in yeast J. Cell Sci., January 2, 1998; 111(4): 479 - 494. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. Philips and I. Herskowitz Osmotic Balance Regulates Cell Fusion during Mating in Saccharomyces cerevisiae J. Cell Biol., September 8, 1997; 138(5): 961 - 974. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. A. Arkowitz and N. Lowe A Small Conserved Domain in the Yeast Spa2p Is Necessary and Sufficient for Its Polarized Localization J. Cell Biol., July 14, 1997; 138(1): 17 - 36. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]