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THE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF NATURAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. XVI. EXCESS OF ADDITIVE GENETIC VARIANCE OF VIABILITY
Terumi Mukai 1 and Shuji Nagano 1
1 Department of Biology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812, Japan
About 500 second and 500 third chromosomes were extracted, using
the marked inversion technique, from the Orlando-Lake Placid, Florida, population.
From the experiments using these chromosomes, the following findings were
obtained: (1) The frequencies of lethal-carrying chromosomes were 0.37 in
the second and 0.55 in the third chromosomes. (2) The size of the population
was estimated to be effectively infinite, on the basis of the allelism rate
of lethal-carrying chromosomes. (3) The detrimental and lethal loads for viability
were, respectively, 0.40 and 0.45 for the second and 0.52 and 0.78 for the
third chromosomes. Consequently, the detrimental to lethal load ratio is 0.90
for the second and 0.67 for the third chromosomes. (4) Lethal genes were shown
to be deleterious when heterozygous. (5) The average degree of dominance for
mildly deleterious genes (viability polygenes) was estimated to be nearly
0.5, although the confidence interval is large. (6) Additive (
2A) and dominance (2
D) variances of viability were estimated by using a partial diallel
cross method. The results were (see PDF) and (see PDF) for the second chromosomes.
(7) Environmental variances of viability were estimated. The result indicates
that the heterozygotes are more homeostatic than the homozygotes. The most
striking finding is that the additive variance is larger than expected on
the classical hypothesis from the detrimental load. Several possible explanations
for the discrepancy are offered. The most likely cause, we suggest, is genotype-environment
interaction (diversifying selection) acting on viability polygenes. Overdominance
is inconsistent with the low dominance variance, and frequency-dependent selection
also appears unlikely as an explanation.
Accepted on May 16, 1983
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